Budget Airlines

In both Europe and North America, established airlines are desperately cutting costs in order to compete with the increasing number of budget airlines. However, it is highly unlikely that these airlines will ever match the cost efficiency of Southwest, Jetblue or Ryanair. What opportunities are there for established airlines to improve their competitive position through differentiation strategies? Make specific proposals for how established airlines can differentiate their customer offerings more effectively. Few other industries generate the amount and intensity of attention given to airlines, not only among its participants but from government policy makers, the media, and almost anyone who has an anecdote about a particular air travel experience. Since the economic deregulation of airlines in the United States in 1978 the questions of cost efficiency, operating profitability and competitive behavior have become the dominant issues facing airline management. In early 2001 the combination of reduced business travel budgets and substantial cutbacks in airline passenger service quality led more business travelers to look for alternatives to paying premium air fares – namely low-fare airlines for business travel. Southwest, Jetblue and Ryanair are very efficiently run airlines that offer customers consistently cheap airfares in the mature airline industry. Over the past 10 years, the established airlines have attempted to differentiate their services to compete with these companies in numerous ways. However, while such differentiation has proved critical to competitive advantage in business class, for economy fliers, differentiation initiatives have met limited market response. Attempts to increase legroom, offer â€Å"economy-plus† seats, superior in-flight entertainment and achieving superior punctuality have met little market response from customers. The only differentiation strategy that has proved wildly successful is frequent flier programs and services offered to first- and business-class travelers (Grant text Ch. 13). A critical question for the established airlines is whether any differentiation characteristics are capable of creating more value for customers than their costs to the airline. I think it is important to examine the airline passengers’ value chain of activities to identify opportunities for creating customer value. Creating opportunities are likely to be improvements in the form of time savings and increased convenience. Legacy carriers simply have to maximize efficiency, either by reducing frills or by providing a good value for premium product. They should keep costs at a minimum to reduce price, offer better schedules, service and faster, more reliable reservations and check-in systems.

Principles of Accounting Essay

This paper seeks to examine at least four accounting regulatory bodies, and discuss how an organization complies with the standards of the regulatory bodies. The four regulatory bodies to be discussed are the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), Government Accounting Standards Board (GASB), the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and Public Company Accounting Oversight Board PCAOB. Both standard boards FASB and GASB aim to the make the financial statements understandable, relevant and useful to users of financials statements by prescribing the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) to be used as guides in the preparation of financial statements (Business Editors, 2002). They however differ on entities covered. While GASB issues GAAP to local and state governments, FASB prescribes GAAP to the private and public entities. Since the primary objective of the government entities is service rather than profit, GAAP for local and state governments deals on fiscal and operational accountability. On the other hand, since the primary objective of private and public entities is profit, GAAP under FASB focuses on fair presentation of the financial statements. The differences in the functions of the two are evident in the kind of users. The users of FASB standards are private and public companies are stockholders, investors, creditors, labor unions, taxing authorities and the customers while the users of GASB standards are normally legislators, oversight bodies, investors, creditors and the general public. Strayhorn, 2003) The entities covered also differ in auditors. Those under the GASB jurisdiction are subject to audit by government auditors while those under FASB are subject to audit by certified public accountants or independent auditors As to how organizations comply with the standards prescribed by the two bodies is just to the two bodies to have a clean or unqualified opinion by auditors who will conduct and audit of the financial statements of the companies. If the audit opinions are not unqualified for clean, there is a good sign of non-compliance with GAAP. The US SEC is also in sense an accounting regulatory bodies since it will make it sure that public companies covered by the GAAP will have to comply with the requirements other these companies risk the penalties that the SEC may impose in accordance with its authority a regulator body under the law. Since the companies may suffer the consequence for non-compliance with the GAAP, these companies are encouraged if not forced to comply with the standards set by the FASB as enforced by SEC. By the passage of Sarbanes-Oxley Law of 2002, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) was created for the purpose of overseeing the audits of public companies and their auditors. The office in a sense helps in the implementation of the purpose of Sarbanes-Oxley law in increasing independence requirement of auditors, in the forms of more strict professional and ethical standards for auditors, directors and offices via the use of more disclosure requirements (Giles, J. et. al, 2008). In short the PCAOB is believed to improve quality and transparency of financial reports issued by companies. Thus, PCAOB is also considered an accounting regulatory body since strengthening the audit requirements necessary forces compliance with the accounting standards set by the FASB.

Parallel Universes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Parallel Universes - Essay Example ing with private life issues continue to pose a great challenge in the legal setting bearing in mind that there is no standard regulations to handle similar cases. The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment regulates interference with privacy by stipulating that no state has the capacity to deprive anyone life, liberty, or property without due execution of the law (Williams, 2010). In a school setting, the substantive due process offers the state some powers to regulate certain activities hence effective handling of teachers’ controversial lifestyles that might interfere with reputation or ability to perform. In cases of dismissal or charges against any teacher adequate explanation of the evidence must be provided though the due process does not prescribe reasons for dismissal apart from the procedures (Alexander & Alexander, 2011). The law provides directions to regulate behavior while at times it may not be very effective in explaining to what extent the standards of behavior should be. At times double standardization is evident though the law plays its part by dictating the necessary procedures. The school officials must be very vigilant when dealing with out-of-school’s conduct since not all jurisdictions have adopted the nexus theory. The nexus theory holds it that teacher’s off-duty conduct might negatively affect his/her teaching effectiveness hence the need to discipline behaviors (Elis, 2010). In regard to the precepts of the theory, more emphasis is attached to the impact of the teacher’s off-duty conduct hence disciplining in equal measure. The community standards also influence to a great extent issues involving teachers’ out-of-school conduct. Depending with the responsiveness and awareness of the community to initiate a course of action towards out of conduct issues, behaviors may be encouraged or discouraged. For instance, as illustrated in the table the response is not equal in weight in the rural setting as compared with the

Literacy Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Literacy Practices - Essay Example Writing and reading are always understood in the context they are written in. Many individuals consider reading as an easy way of handling boredom and the discomforts associated with waiting. It turns a time duration that will otherwise be rendered useless, into an appropriate chance for acquiring knowledge and also entertainment. Reading is effective in developing a barrier between an individual and the external world. This enables the individual to ignore the undesired attention and ensure the sense of privacy. Concentrating attention on text materials renders it socially appropriate to ignore the interaction with other individuals. The language that the text is written in is very important. For instance, the outsiders can consider individuals reading the English newspaper or magazine in India as favoring the foreign cultures. But, this does not illustrate the complexities of the usage of the English language in India. India’s national language, and thus is easily applied during the important official communications. In India, the English language is majorly associated with the middle and upper classes. Thus, reading English literary materials associates an individual with higher aspirations. English is the key language in India’s higher education system. Thus individual reading English texts, illustrates higher academic achievements. English is also the official communication language during large scale commerce nationally or internationally. Thus English is significant in the business culture. Lecture instructions, diaries and blogs are common everyday writings that are considered â€Å"vernacular literary practices.† The practices illustrate significant personal roles that assist in organizing life by making records of issues like; finance, birthdays, social contacts, and life documentaries. Analysis of these practices illustrates the insights into the practices of ordinary

Are corporate governance system dichotomous (Anglo-American v Essay

Are corporate governance system dichotomous (Anglo-American v. German-) Is the Russian Federation consistent with any of these - Essay Example The parts may be essentially same in their basic purpose however, their orientation may be different and therefore the overall implications can also be different too. The dichotomy hypothesis therefore suggests that the world views may be divided into two different parts which are non-overlapping and mutually exhaustive in nature. These characteristics of the dichotomy suggest the views on the corporate governance could also be dichotomous in nature. Based on this, the corporate governance models are divided into two models of Anglo- American and Eurasian models. This paper will aim to study and explore the dichotomous nature of corporate governance and whether Russia is consistent with any of the models defined under dichotomous nature. Corporate Governance Before discussing dichotomous nature of the corporate governance systems, it is important to discuss corporate governance as a subject and its implications for the organizations. Corporate governance is considered as a multi-face ted and interesting subject considering the fact that it deals with the diversified range of issues faced by the organizations. Corporate governance as a discipline suggests that it is a set of processes, policies, laws and procedures which govern the overall behavior of an organization within a given society. ... Companies like WorldCom and Enron continued to defraud different stakeholders by engaging themselves into activities which may not be considered entirely ethical Due to this, legislations such as Sarbanes Oxley were enacted in order to ensure that organizations are discouraged from engaging themselves into unethical behavior. The current financial crisis was also one of the key reasons for the renewed emphasis on the corporate governance as a process. The large scale failure of financial institutions outlined that the corporate governance may be a process which could have ensured that organizations engage into the activities which are favorable for all the stakeholders without actually jeopardizing the overall interests of all stakeholder groups. Dichotomous World Hypothesis Corporate governance as a model is practiced under two different aspects of the same concept. The dichotomous world hypothesis outlines that there are two different models of corporate governance systems. One mod el is based on the American shareholders model whereas another model is based on the German model of stakeholders. This hypothesis therefore identifies the corporate governance as a phenomenon which is perceived under two different schools of thoughts or opinions on the nature of the corporate governance systems. Dichotomy as a concept outlines something which can be divided into two halves however, each half remain mutually exclusive from other. What is critical about this concept is the fact that the halves remain independent however, they form the part of the whole and such re-enforce ach other. (Peng,) The groups of stakeholders which are often associated with an organization include shareholders, government, executives, employees, general public,

Same sex parenting issues Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Same sex parenting issues - Research Paper Example In the present modern world full of unconventional notions which were once unheard of, the American family has in response changed a lot and the concept of nuclear family is no longer as prevalent as it once was. Papers and TV talk shows are rampantly seen talking about same-sex parenting issues every other day and earlier this year, same-sex marriage has been openly legalized in more than nine US states as a staggering number of state voters approved and stressed on this step. Amidst protests by conservatives and gay marriage marches, one thing is settled though that the family structures in America have unequivocally changed a lot and this change is followed by a huge string of same sex parenting issues. It is implied by conservatives that there is a huge assortment of various risks associated with same-sex parenting which inflicts a direct influence on the children also. With such a collection of studies reporting problematic same-sex parenting issues, it has become increasingly h ard for gay couples to raise children in a safe and healthy environment. This research paper is primarily based on contemplating the grounds of several such major issues faced by same-sex couples in reference to parenting. Relevant literature will be reviewed in order to find out what the scholars have to say on the notorious challenges encountered by same-sex parents and why. One of the biggest issues is related to the lack of legal recognition awarded to same-sex couples which affects the upbringing of children in such families in that they remain unsure of their roots and reality. The thing that lesbian and gay parents are not trusted with their parenting by the society gives birth to grave obstacles of multiple kinds. Same-sex family is not considered an optimal structure for child development and all associated constellations are thought to be fraught with deficiencies which could negatively influence a child’s development. Parent-child relationship in gay or lesbian families is sadly not adequately protected or even recognized by law (Martin, 1998). The ability of gay and lesbian parents to address the emotional, psychological, and social needs of children in comparison to heterosexual parents has also been widely debated both by entertainment media and research literature. Nearly all

The Life of Christ Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Life of Christ - Term Paper Example Luke stated that Christ’s ministry was instigated by John the Baptist in the 15th year of the sovereignty of Tiberius Caesar, who became the emperor after King Augustus1. Emphasising on the various biblical specifications, the discussion henceforth intends to briefly outline the life of Christ, taking into consideration the three years of his ministry. Christ’s Birth Luke 2:1-7: History of Christ’s Birth The history of Christ’s birth has roots in the social context of the then Roman dynasty, which was strongly influenced by social segregations, brutal and inhuman treatments of slavery, and replication of dominion powers over the weak. As per the Synoptic Gospels, it was during the reign of King Augustus that Jesus was born in the midst of conflicts between emperors and various social classes. Jesus was the child of Mary and Joseph, who were peasants belonging to the tribe of Judah and were the citizens under the lordship of King Herod2. It was during this period that social conflicts began within the region due to taxation imposed by King Augustus and the reluctance of Jewish community to abide by such norms. Consequently, the Jewish community members were asked to travel to Bethlehem, where the register was located to perform census of the Jewish people and make them entitled to the taxation charges3. Thus, Mary and Joseph had to travel from Nazareth to Bethlehem. At that time, Mary was expecting a child, owing to which the long journey to Bethlehem imposed a vast suffering upon her. Irrespective of the physical weakness, the couple had to travel as per the decree of King Augustus. However, the actual reason for Mary and Joseph enduring such suffering was the verdict of God ordering that the child should be born in Bethlehem. After the weary travel, when the couple learnt that all the inns had been already filled with travellers from Nazareth and other regions of the realm of King Herod, they lodged in an animal shed. It was in this shed that Mother Mary gave birth to Lord Jesus Christ, which was known to only few people in the village. The circumcision and the naming of the child had been arranged when he was 8 days old, according to the Hebrew Law, and he was formally given the name of Jesus. Therefore, the word of God was conveyed by Gabriel, who said, â€Å"You shall call his name Jesus for He will save His people from their sins†4. Christ’s Ministry Similar to the history of the birth of Holy Christ, the instigation of His ministry can also be observed as enlightened with spirituality and chronology of mesmerizing events. The historical content depicts that Christ’s ministry began during the period of AD 27 and continued till his crucifixion. However, contradictions have been persisting concerning the duration of His ministry, which has often been deliberated as a period of 3 years, 2 years, and even 3 and a half years. However, most of the testaments obtained affirmed that Christâ₠¬â„¢s ministry continued for 3 years5. Christ’s ministry began with His baptism, which was performed by John the Baptist and which led Holy Spirit to â€Å"come on Him in a special way†. As per the predicaments, Christ had to fast for 40 days following His baptism in order to defeat the ‘Satan’, a spirit who dared to challenge the religious beliefs of Hebrews. However, as per the true meaning, the word ‘Satan’ refers to the fallen angel who was entitled by the God Himself to test the strength of human

Foreign Direct Investment---Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Foreign Direct Investment---Economics - Essay Example What exactly are foreign direct investments, and why have they increased so steadily What factors make foreign direct investments such a popular global occurrence A foreign direct investment, as the name states, involves corporations who invest long term overseas. There are four types of FDI's for business corporations to choose from. The most commonly preferred for more corporations are mergers and acquisitions. They involve a transfer of assets from the originating corporation to the one which is foreign based. (Wikipedia, 2006). Greenfield investments are investments or expansions for a new corporation. There are two forms of vertical foreign direct investments which involve backward vertical FDI and forward vertical FDI. Backward vertical FDI involves an out of the country business which provides resources/assets to a domestic business. Forward vertical FDI involves a business abroad that sells the amount produced of a business's domestic production(s). A.T. Kearney Inc. is a global management consulting firm that is an active member of the Global Business Policy Council. This council aids and advises head executives on geopolitics, macroeconomics, technological changes, and macroeconomics worldwide (A.T. Kearney, 2006, p.1). A.T. Kearney spent over seven years surveying numerous head executives from over one thousand corporations worldwide for their opinions on future FDI growth and objectives. The companies and their executives that were surveyed comprise seventy percent of the cumulative FDI. In December 2005, A.T. Kearny published their findings in their FDI Confidence Index. The survey was comprised of sixty-eight countries that contribute ninety percent of the global FDI (A.T. Kearney, 2006, p. 2). They selected the top twenty-five countries according to their FDI confidence. These countries were ranked by a score given from zero to three. Scores closer to three was given to those countries with the highest amount of FDI conf idence. For example, China received the highest FDI confidence rating for a score of 2.197. Why would China be interested in foreign direct investments A country such as China is interested in FDI's to improve the economic state of its own country based on the numerous benefits of foreign enterprise investing. There are many advantages and attractions for foreign markets to invest in one of the worlds largest and growing markets. China's population was estimated in 2005 at over 1.3 billion people. It holds a large share of twenty percent of the world's total population estimated at 6.5 billion people. (Prasad, Eswar & Wei, Shang Jin,2005). Many multinational corporations will choose to invest in densely populated countries such as China. Companies will choose China because their own country lacks a sufficient labor supply. The cost of China's labor force is dramatically low in comparison to other surrounding Asian countries. Many foreign direct investors have found this cost effective and have created and brought millions of jobs to China. The US, a country which owes the m ajority of its yearly population growth from immigration, would find China to be a valuable source of manpower as well as an ever increasing and developing economy. On the other hand, the population growth has become so overwhelming high for China that the government has had to

Tit for Tat Essay Example for Free

Tit for Tat Essay Long time ago there lived a merchant named Garib Dass. He lived in a town . He was very rich but unluckily, he fell on bad days, so much so that he became on bankrupt. His business failed and theft accrued in his house not only that, he had to sell his house to pay off the debts. Garib dass was in utter adversity. But some thing had to be done to cope with the adverse conditions. So he thought, â€Å"I must go to some other town and start some work. God may help me and I may prosper again. Garib Dass made preparations to go to another town. One of his old friend’s Janki Dass lived in same town. He was hypocritical person. Garib Dass went to him and intimated him of his decision to leave the town. Hearing Garib’s tale of woe, Janki Dass expressed his sympathy and said, â€Å"Dear friend, but can I do for you? Let me know â€Å". â€Å"My brother, I have got iron bars that never rust. I went to pawn it with you against one hundred rupee. When I will return, I shall clear your debt and have my iron bar back. â€Å"Is that all? It is no problem at all. I shall preserve the bar safely†. Saying so, Janki Dass gave hundred rupees to Garib Dass and took his iron bar. Garib Dass thanked Janki Dass and set up for another town. With one hundred rupees he started a small business. Luck favored him and in few months only his business flourished and he became rich again. Garib Dass return to his home town. He bought a new house and started his old business once again. Soon he came to enjoy his old respect and well as dignity. One day Garib Dass went to Janki Dass’s house. His friend entertained him duly and they exchanged greetings. Then Garib Dass said to Janki Dass, â€Å"Friend! Here are your one hundred rupees. I went to have my iron bar back†. Janki Dass put on a sad face and said,† My brother! I feel very ashamed to tell you that I placed your iron bar safely in a box. God knows how a rat got into the box and nibbled the entire bar.

Contrast in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

Contrast in Nigeria Essay The aim of this paper is to compare and contrast in Nigeria to that in the United States. The emergence, development, and settlement of ethnic conflict are related to the cultural, legal, and socioeconomic conditions in which a conflict takes place. These conditions are strikingly different in developed and developing countries. One more mediating factor in the cross-national study of ethnic conflict is the attitudes towards conflict in a society. Therefore, this paper will start with analyzing societies in the U. S. and Nigeria as well as their histories. The U. S. is the world largest economy and a country with a strong tradition of democracy. Its uniqueness is associated with the fact that the U. S. is an immigrant nation. Although ethnic conflicts were (and still remain, to a certain extent) frequent and acute, the American society has found effective ways to resolve such conflicts. The government of the U. S. tries to prevent conflicts between different ethnic groups, ensure equality, and promote tolerance. On the contrary, Nigeria is a poorer country with GDP per capita being only $2,000 (in the U. S. this figure is $45,800). However, it is Africa’s most populous country. Almost half of the population is under the age of fourteen. Mortality from AIDS is high (the percentage of people living with HIV is 5. 4%), and healthcare is inadequate. The country is composed of more than 250 ethnic groups, the following groups are the most influential: Hausa and Fulani (29%), Yoruba (21%), Igbo (18%), Ijaw (10%), Kanuri (4%), Ibibio (3. 5%), and Tiv (2. 5%) half a population are Muslim, Christians constitute 40% of the total population, and indigenous believers account for the remaining 10% (CIA, 2008). Waters (1996) suggests studying the following questions in order to understand cross-cultural perspectives on ethnic conflict: the meanings of ethnic identities (whether they are oppositional identities, immigrant identities, or symbolic identities); the attitude of ethnic groups to the state (whether they trust the institutions of the state to be fair and honest, whether these institution perpetuate oppression, whether the state is perceived by ethnic groups an instrument of power to be employed by their own group or another group or as a neutral arbiter); and the perceptions on hate crimes, violence, and intergroup encounters (whether they are seen as temporary, accidental and individualized, or as permanent, systematic, and institutionalized). In the U. S. , many people coming from other countries perceive themselves as immigrants at the initial stages of integration, yet eventually they accept their new, American identity. The overarching nature of American identity prevents the creation of sharply oppositional identities. However, double identities (such as African Americans or Hispanic Americans) remain string and may become a basis for ethnic conflict. However, the state directs a lot of effort and resources on preventing ethnic conflict. While the general view on the state’s handling of racial issues is generally positive, racism in entrenched in the social system, and there are even accusations of institutional racism. The unique feature about the American society is that it has an experience of successful resolution of ethnic conflicts, such as the movement for equal rights between Black and White citizens or governmental programmes to support Mexican immigrants. The risk of ethnic conflict in Nigeria is much higher than in the United States. In 1999, frequent clashes were taking place between Yoruba and Hausa ethnic groups. This conflict was the legacy of the British colonial rule: ‘Nigeria was brought into being under British colonial rule, when in the early 1900s Lord Lugard forged together the Moslem Northern protectorate and the Southern Christian sphere’ (Mason, 1999, para. 9). Regionalism was encouraged at that time: the country was divided into three self-governing regions based on ethnic allegiance, such as the western region (dominated by Yoruba), the northern region (mainly Hausa and Fulani), and the eastern region (mainly Igbo). ‘[T]he separate governments were designed to strengthen the colonial grip on Nigerian society and weaken the peoples potentials for resistance’ (Irobi, 2005, ‘Second Case: Nigeria,’ para. 2). The attempts of the Nigerian government to create a fully functional federal state have had limited success following the independence. Ethnic clashes turned into a civil war when Igbos attempt to form an independent state called Biafra. Nigeria took over Biafra in 1970 and maintained territorial integrity, but the conflict remained unresolved. There were incidents of sectarian violence in 2004. More recently, the conflict has centered in the oil-rich Niger Delta region. Access to oil revenue and environmental pollution are the main reasons for clashes. The government is perceived as hostile by Delta communities who used to prosper historically from the natural richness of their homeland. The clashes occur between two local ethnic groups, Itsekiris and Ijaw. Cases of vandalism are frequent; the conflict has been especially acute in 2004 when Niger Delta People’s Volunteer Force threatened to destroy oil facilities and infrastructure in the region. In 2005, employees of Shell were kidnapped by the Iduwini National Movement for Peace and Development. In 2006, the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger River Delta continued the attacks on Shell decreasing the oil production by three quarters. All these groups demand international companies and the government to take appropriate care of the region’s environmental situation and contribute to the region’s development (GlobalSecurity, n/d). As concerns ethnic identities in Niger Delta, they are fluid and dynamic: inhabitants of the region are quick to reconstruct their identities influenced by political opportunities and economic inducements. However, the inhabitants of the region can be regarded as having a common regional oppositional identity. The government is perceived as an inimical body responsible for the ethnic unrest: ‘When citizens perceive that the system has failed to provide essential political or economic goods, they are more likely to gravitate to communal identities and to pursue contentious mobilization’ (Lewis, 2004, ‘Abstract’). Summing up, there are several features which are typical for ethnic conflict in Nigeria, as well as the rest of Africa, namely ‘the demand for ethnic and cultural autonomy, competing demands for land, money and power, and conflicts taking place between rival ethnic groups’ (Irobi, 2005, ‘Introduction,’ para. 6). Therefore, there are many differences between the U. S. and Nigeria in terms of interethnic relations. The most significant differences are the role of the government in conflict management and the creation of oppositional identities as contrasted with an overarching American identity. References CIA. (2008). ‘The World Factbook: Nigeria. ’ Retrieved August 26, 2008, from https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni. html GlobalSecurity. (N/d). ‘Niger Delta. ’ Retrieved August 26, 2008, from http://www. globalsecurity. org/military/world/war/nigeria-2. htm Irobi, E. G. (2005). ‘Ethnic Conflict Management in Africa: A Comparative Case Study of Nigeria and South Africa. ’ Retrieved August 26, 2008, from http://www. beyondintractability. org/case_studies/nigeria_south-africa. jsp? nid=6720 Lewis, P. (2004). ‘Identity and Conflict in Nigerias Niger Delta: New Evidence from Attitude Surveys. ’ Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Hilton Chicago and the Palmer House Hilton, Chicago, IL. Retrieved August 26, 2008, from http://www. allacademic. com/meta/p59519_index. html Mason, B. (1999). ‘Ethnic conflict escalates in Nigeria. ’ Retrieved August 26, 2008, from http://www. wsws. org/articles/1999/aug1999/nig-a17. shtml Waters, M. C. (1996). ‘Ethnic and racial groups in the USA: Conflict and cooperation. ’ In Ethnicity and power in the contemporary world, ed. Rupesinghe, K, Tishkov, V. A. Retrieved August 26, 2008, from http://www. unu. edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu12ee/uu12ee0o. htm

Ecommerce business plan for an electronics store

Ecommerce business plan for an electronics store Online business is becoming very vast slowly and steadily. There is a lot of profit in this kind of business. Like EBAY and AMAZON our company has took a step in the field of online business. The Domain name of the website is www.Theray.co.uk. The image which can be seen below is of a homepage of THE RAY website. This homage is browsed on the first paragraph. In the first part it is explained briefly that how we run our day to day business. In the second part it is described that what are the tools or equipments which we use to run our business. The third part is about all the services which we give to our online customers. Fourth part describes that how do we serve our customers. The fifth part explains about how the customers can pay safely and how do we use to provide such kind of services in better and safe environment. The sixth part includes out location of our offices. The Ray is an online business which sells products to its online customers. This is the companys website homepage. In the homepage it is easy for the customers to search or find out what they are looking for because we cover almost all brands. If, in case the product which the customer is looking for is an old model than they can click on ALL BRANDS to find the one they are looking for or they can contact us. We will try to arrange that product available to that customer if possible but, the charges for those services will be extra. Other big companies logos are visible, the reason for this is that we have products from these companies and customer can find the one they are looking for easily because nowadays everyone is looking for the latest products and the latest products which are very popular are being produced by these companies. The option of category is available to make the customers search more customized. Secondly, deals are also available; when a customer clicks on it he/she can see the deals like if you buy this game you will get 2cds free e.t.c. New arrivals option is also available; this is to make the customers feel easy to see what has arrived new. The customer can compare prices of the different products with the different specification; this will help those customers who are looking for the cheap products. Ads can be seen on the websites, we get money through the pay per click concept. At the bottom there are further details which can be seen by the customer, to browse our website more easily. There is an option of third parties on the web page on which when a customer clicks he/she finds many ads which are posted by other customers to sell their own products. The Ray charges a nominal amount on each transaction made in the section of Third Parties. Business day to day operations:- In online business some very important operations such as order taking, order processing, website management, updating, accounting or book keeping, advertising and marketing implementation, credit card authorizations, shipping, inventory management, Customer service and ordering are compulsory for our business so that we can make some new way do some of task easily such as order taking, order processing, website management, updating, credit card authorizations and inventory management for that we choose the new generation e commerce software called Boos cart its process the task that is mentioned above:- Boss Cart:- Basket Boss was an application of E-commerce shopping basket, specifically designed to meet the needs for small and medium retailers requirements.  Boss Cart was created using the latest technology and runs on Windows, Linux and all other web platforms.  Boss Cart was tested with more than 20,000 items to ensure timely and efficient as possible. The software is specially optimized for use by small and medium enterprises and friendly from the start.  It has a built-in Web 2.0 functionality and drags and drop interface for quick access to products and product attributes.  Boss Cart has the ability to specify the shipping and the weight of each product, and import or export data in CSV format.  The software has a powerful search engine feature of the product and downloads an image wider product range, seven additional images per product all purchases are automatically confirmed by e-mail late. The software Boss Cart provides wide range of options and features that are important.  Boss Cart is designed to work with the most popular markets such as eBay and Google Base, and it also set up a PayPal payment of treatment may be most of our online store.  Below is a picture of how Boss Cart Premium is working with these systems Benefits of using this software:- * Quick and easy to implement. Store Manager * Powerful, handles over 10,000 products. * Create your store look and feel or use one of our predefined templates. * Integration of our online store with a payment gateway of our choice. * Host our store with the web hosting company of our choice. * From marketing and merchandising functions, including social networking / marketing plug-in. * Bulk uploads to populate our products Easy Store. * Export products to Google Base. * Process orders online or offline. * Calculates postage, VAT and other taxes. * The product can be inclusive or exclusive of VAT. * Stock level control function. * Alerts low stock.Print invoices, packing slips and address labels * Extensive sales statistics to know what products sell well and which not. * Backup and restore function Customer service -: Our speciality in day to day operation, Our web site decided to give high quality customer service, for that there is an option through that our customers clarify their question, product information, buying suggestion, doubts about our product or the payment system and where Ever they want. It works 24 hours per day. http://www.velnetweb.co.uk/blogs/category/velnetweb/ Equipments we use to run our business:- Every company needs some equipment to run their business and The Ray company also use some equipments such as-credit card payment processing equipment and software ,desktop computer, desk and desk chair, postage machine and postage scale, shipping supplies, telephone and also use toll free telephone number which is really helpful to the customers and suppliers to stay in touch properly. The ray company also use finance software which is really helpful to print the invoice of the customers. Supplier sell products most competitive prices and the ray company buy their products from a supplier. Now this company try to buy their products from china and India because in china and Indian supplier can give good quality products in cheap price. The menu of products or services that we provide:- There are many products and services that we provide to our online customers. The ray is an online business that sells products online. In this business we sell Mobile phones, Personnel computers and accessories. Beside all these things we work as a middle person as well. In our website an option of third parties can be found. When a customer clicks on there than he/she enters into a new homepage in which the customer can find different types of advertisements posted by the other customer with the contact details. That advertisement contains the full contact information of the customer so that the person, who is interested in that particular product, can contact the owner. On every successful transaction which is made in the section of third parties, are charged a nominal fee. There is an option for all those customers who want to buy old models of electronic items. If the customer did not find that particular product even after trying the advanced search and buy searching the option of all brands, than they can contact us and request that particular product. They only need to fill up a simple request form, the image of that form can be seen below. If we have that particular product listed in our website than we will not charge the customer for our services, and if in case we dont have that product than we will search that product for the customer and sell it to him. There are some charges on this services and that depends on the type of product. Service Request Form Please complete the following form and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..representative will contact you to schedule your appointment at a time and place that are convenient to you. Keep in mind, we come to you! If you need immediate assistance please call 07404181844 Top of Form name Address City County Postcode Email Address Primary Telephone Alternate Telephone How Did You Hear About Nerd Force Equipment Information Brief Equipment Information Operating System Internet Access Network Problem Description Our potential customers and delivery service :- The important thing is companys delivery, for this the ray company use lots of method of delivery. Basically they use their own delivery van in the city and for those customers who are out of the city or country they use DHL and FedEx mail service and this kind of service helps the customers to get their products within short time. Transactions:- In e-commerce, both buyers and sellers have the same concerns they have always had, customers need a reliable way to pay money securely without worrying that their credit card information might be stolen the seller needs to know that the customer isnt using a stolen credit card. Luckily, online payments are safer than ever and more options exist than ever before. To get paid promptly and reliably have to go through some extra steps to make the customer feel secure- not to mention protecting yourself, too successful e commerce is about setting up the right atmosphere for making purchases, providing options for payment, and keeping sensitive information private. Its also about making sure that the goods get to the customer safety and on time. We are giving customers to ability to provide payment online. Our goal is accomplish the following:- Giving the customer options:- Online shoppers like to feel that they have some degree of control give them a choice of payments alternatives: credit card, debit card are the main ones. Some also like a choice of online payment services they want to see that you accept Google checkout as well as PayPal for instance. Keep payment secure :- Pay an extra fee to your webhost to have your customer submit their credit card numbers or other personal information to a secure server- a server that uses secure sockets layer encryption to render it unreadable if stolen. Make payment convenient:- Shoppers on the web are in a hurry. We give them the web page forms and the phone numbers they need do that they can complete a purchases in a matter of seconds. Online Merchant Accounts:- A merchant account is an account maintained by a bank or processor to receive and process orders online with a credit card.  Indeed, money from your online sales are deposited into your merchant account.  Not all banks have the capacity to handle all types of credit in all currencies.Therefore, it is not unusual for a merchant who, for example, wants to transform the Visa and MasterCard both U.S. and Canadian fund orders merchant accounts no more than one financial institution to  work-related. Payment options:- One of the most important aspects of running the online business is being able to collect payments from our customers. In the physical world, that amount to having functional cash register with an attached credit or debit card processing terminal. In the online business world, this is even more important. According to Cisco Internet Business Solutions (IBSG) Primary Research about Expected Change in Payment Mechanism Usage for Online Purchases over Next Two Years the Alternate payment providers, such as PayPal, have grown dramatically during this current wave. Thirty-five percent of all respondents cite frequent or very frequent use of alternate payment providers in online payments, and consumers indicate expectations of more frequent usage in the future. http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/docs/finance/ConnectedPaymentsExecSummary_092208.pdf In over online business we are provided alternative payment methods shows as below Payment and processing the orders:- When someone submits making a order and giving card information to us, we need to transfer the information to the banking system. To submit credit card information to our bank, we need point of sale (POS) hardware or software. The hardware, which we either purchase or lease from our bank, is a terminal. (a gray box of the sort can see at many local retailers) The software is a program that contacts the bank through the modem. The terminal or software is programmed to authorize the sale and transmit the data to the bank, the bank then credit our business checking account. Then bank also deduct the discount rate from our account weekly, monthly, or with each transaction. Our location:- Office address:   184 Sudbury heights avenue, London, ub60ll     Opening Hours:   10:30 AM   6:00 PM  Monday to Sunday ex. Friday and Tuesday   Ã‚  Ã‚   You can bring in your laptops, just pop in during opening hours, No appointment needed Contact us:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tel: 02087822185  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Mobile 07404181844 Email à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Fax: 02087822185  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   More information of our business:- Out of the above services our business will take some kind of customer services and for the sake of our business we will take some promotional activities that would be auspicious for both for our business and our potential customers. As we will enter in the competition in the market our target is to survive in the market long run by satisfying our customers. Business model: As a new business we want to be unique in this field. Our business model will be unique as well. There is a lot of business model s prevailing in this kind of business. Each of these strategies will be dealt with in the context of providing advice for business wishing to maximise their cyber potential (Lawrence, 2000). The following business models are widely used in e -commerce business. Poster/ billboard models Online yellow model Cyber brochure Virtual Storefront Subscription model Advertising model 3.5.7 model Auction/ Reserve auction model Affiliation model and Portal model Strategy of implementation: Implementation of strategy is the challenge for all kind of business whether it is e -business or any other business. The size of the business will restrict will restrict the number of personnel involved in business but the discipline can be adapted for any business wishing to establish an electronic presence. To implement the model in the business there are some certain steps we will have to follow. Planning Controlling Monitoring Adjusting Organizing Managing quality etc. Customer service: For every business customer service is necessary. Like all other companies we also consider customer service as essential part of our business. We want to different in case of our customer service. It will include after services. Our expectation is to get feedback from our customer through online. They can inform their satisfactions or complain through online to our company. We will also provide repairing service to our customer. Creative promotional activities: Promotional activities are an important part of all business. Our promotional activities will have creativity that will differentiate our company from any other company. In our as the part of our promotional activity we will try to inform the people about the importance of technology, the good usage of technology, and we will try to inform people about the consequence of deforestation, pollution, illiteracy etc. It means our promotional activities will be a social promotional activity. Besides, as a normal promotional activities we will inform people by sending e-mail, advertise in some popular social network like face book, twitter etc. Building an internet commerce community: For all kind of business building an internet commerce community is helpful in ensuring the internet business. As it is important for business maximum usage of all business we will give focus on it. To build an international relationship we will also use technology. If we were an internet commerce community we would have the following objects. Internet banking: Now day internet banking is very popular as a medium of transaction. So as a medium of transaction we will operate our business transaction through internet banking. Our potential client will be able to get service through internet banking. For the interest of the security of our client it will be the best medium of transaction for those customers who will buy our product through online. Service selling site: Originally it seemed that cyber shopping mall would be the most effective way to get noted on the web. Large departmental stores have joined malls they have set their own sites. (Lawrence 2000). All retail shop have succeeded have thrived turning their customer into a community. For example Bookshop amazon.com encourages community felling by getting people to write reviews of books they have read, by encouraging the buyer to interact with the authors via e mail and by getting register with eyes, as a service that that notifies customers of new books that are likely to interest them. (Lawrence 2000). As like that our business will have such kind of effort to encourage our customer and getting their feedback through online. Online publishing: Online publishing is an exciting area of internet commerce. By online we will inform our customer about our new product, product on sale etc.

Rappaccini’s Daughter Essay: The Irony -- Rappaccinis Daughter Essays

â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter† – the Irony  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s tale, â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter,† the reader finds numerous ironies, many of which are explained in this essay.    Morse Peckham in â€Å"The Development of Hawthorne’s Romanticism† gives an explanation of how Hawthorne uses historicism in his early short stories [â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter† was in Twice-Told Tales in 1836] for an ironic effect:    The Romantic historicist used the past for a double, interconnected purpose. On the one hand it was a means for separating oneself from society. . . .He can be aware of the failure of the institution to fulfill its avowed intentions and its social function. . . . Romantic historicism, therefore, is never an end in itself but a strategy for placing the current social conditions in an ironic perspective. . . .(91-92)    In â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter† the â€Å"failure of the institution† relaates to the medical establishment, which is traditionally sworn to uphold the health of people, but in this story Dr. Rappaccini, out of scientific zeal, has been skewed away from the fundamental purpose of medicine. It is indeed ironic that he poisons his own daughter and her boyfriend, alienating them from society and dooming them.    The tale takes place in Padua, Italy, where a Naples student named Giovanni Guascanti has relocated in order to attend the medical school there. His modest room is in an old mansion watched over by the landlady, Dame Lisabetta, a two-dimensional character given to religious expletives like, ``Holy Virgin, signor!'' She seeks to make the customer content with his lodging; she answers Giovanni’s curiosity about a garden next-door: ``No; that garden is cultivated by the own hands of... ...    Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter.† ElectronicText Center. University of Virginia Library. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed-new?id="HawRapp"&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public    Kazin, Alfred. Introduction. Selected Short Stories of Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York: Fawcett Premier, 1966.    Kaul, A.N. â€Å"Introduction.† In Hawthorne – A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.    Peckham, Morse. â€Å"The Development of Hawthorne’s Romanticism.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.    Swisher, Clarice. â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne: a Biography.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.            

Free Merchant of Venice Essays: The Role of Shylock :: Merchant Venice Essays

Perhaps The Merchant of Venice, by William Shakespeare, is neither pro-Jewish, nor pro-Christian, since the illustrations which show neither the Jew nor the Christian to be perfect are countless. After having suffered through The Merchant of Venice, and seeing how unjustly poor Shylock was treated by his Christian contemporaries, I can't help but wonder if Shakespeare was actually trying to show the world how hypocritical members of any religion could be, be it Jewish, Christian, or anything else. For, although these buggers disliked each other based mainly on differences of religious doctrine, they had more in common than bleeding when pricked, laughing when tickled, or dying when poisoned. As stated in the book of Timothy (vi, 10), "The love of money is the root of all evil." It's not money that is the root of all evil but the love of it that is pure evil and causes so many problems. The principal characters do love their money, don't they? From Portia to Bassanio, Antonio to Shylock, Martin to Lewis. Shylock, in particular, keeps babbling on and on about those precious ducats of his, as if they could actually be more important than his own flesh and blood (and, considering his daughter's deviation, they probably were). As for that bozo Antonio, he was one who loved money, but, in a different way than Shylock, for he seemed to get more of a buzz out of loaning/giving it to others than out of hoarding it, but, nevertheless, he certainly felt an incessant need to have it, as demonstrated by his appeal to deal with the cunning Shylock. Unfortunately, Shylock's cunning didn't match up to his greed, as he was bested by a woman, of all things. Yes, folks, that pesky Portia, who was hot for Bassanio's bod (lust, after all, is a type of greed, is it not?), used her wily ways to help destroy the Jew's empire. Bummer. Of course, Shylock really didn't lose it all, since Antonio allowed him to keep the half he was to have been allotted, provided Shylock give it to his unworthy daughter upon his passing from this plane. What a sweetheart.

Assignment: Operations Decision Essay

Allentown Manufacturing Company is a family owned business that manufactures cardboard boxes. Currently, the company has a manpower rate of 100 workers that work 20 out of a month. The company has been able to last through some of the toughest economic times, but recently the AMC’s fixed cost is â€Å"high enough†, and their total costs are exceeding their total revenue. Assess the current environmental scan factors that are relevant to the decision making process. Determine the factors that will have the greatest impact on plant operations and management’s decision to continue or discontinue operations. Provide a rationale for your determination. Some environmental scan factors that are affecting the decision making process are social, economic and technological circumstances. When it comes to the social factors, the lack of properly trained and skilled laborers are affecting the amount of production being put out on a daily basis. The company needs to develop a better recruitment process and training program to employ the best and most profitable employees. In addition, the language barrier creates a problem for our managers. The majority of our workforce is Hispanic and speaks minimal English; this creates problems when trying to delegate job duties among the employees. The economic factors are that the country as a whole is trying to go green; therefore recycling old cardboard boxes is more environmentally friendly than using new ones. This causes a decrease in the amount of orders coming in, therefore affecting the amount being shipped out. The technological factors are the lack of computer skills by some of the labor force. If the machines that produce the product are not being run properly in order to produce the maximum output rate, then this will cause a decrease in profits. Management should focus the economic and social factors when coming to the decision whether or not to continue operations. If the company focused on what will either hold the company back or push it forward, and then issues will begin to reveal themselves. Evaluate the financial performance of the company using the information provided in the scenario. Consider all the key drivers of performance, such as company profit or loss for both the short term and long term and how each factor influences managerial decisions. Be sure to show the calculations that helped you reach your conclusions. The total revenue is the output multiplied by the number of units produced per month: TR=$32*6,000 TR= $192,000 The monthly wages for the worker are the number of workers multiplied by the daily wage multiplied by the number of days worked in each month: 100*$70*20= $140,000 The total variable cost is daily variable input multiplied by the number of days worked in a month: TVC=$2000*20 TVC= $40,000 Recommend how the company can improve its profitability to deliver more value to its stakeholders. Then, develop a brief plan to implement the recommendations. Allentown Manufacturing Company can improve its profitability in a variety of ways, such as expanding into new markets sectors, or developing new products or services. Some major changes that can take place to improve profitability can be to reduce manpower or scale back on working hours, reducing costs, and increasing productivity and efficiency. I think AMC should work with their top management to create a partnership with another company to begin manufacturing a new product to potentially increase profits. Another plan can be to reduce the manpower either by hours or by personnel. This will allow the company to save money on wages, employment taxes, and employment insurance such as workman’s compensation and unemployment insurance. Increasing productivity is a solid way to increase profitability. If the plant is able to acquire larger orders of boxes, this will in turn cause them manufacture a larger amount of boxes. Management would also have to decide the best way to train the workforce to work in a more efficient manner, decide whether or not it is feasible to purchase additional machines to increase the production and develop a proper training program to develop the workers’ skillset. Assess the circumstances in which the company should discontinue operations and how management should react when confronted with these circumstances. Provide a rationale with your response. The circumstances in which Allentown Manufacturing Company should discontinue their operations, is when their total costs surpass their total revenue. The company will not be able to maintain production or meet their cost demands such as salaries, materials, maintenance, etc. if they are constantly spending more money than they are making. Management should react in a manner that is in the best interest of the company and not themselves. If the manager or managers are not able to develop a solid plan to match or pass the total costs that company is hitting each month, than the most feasible thing to do would be to shut the plant down. By continuing to manufacture the cardboard boxes, they are constantly increasing their costs from the electricity being used, and the workers needing to get their salaries.

A General Definition of Financial Reporting

Fiscal coverage in authorities can be seen as a sum-up of the authoritiess public presentation, or capacity, in raising, managing, and utilizing public money. Another manner of showing the function of fiscal coverage is to state it goes manus in manus with answerability. Accountability is frequently considered one of the basiss of good democratic authoritiess. Officials are given authorization and duty and it is the undertaking of the functionaries to clearly convey actions taken and whether these actions fall within the prescriptions of jurisprudence and community wants. Measuring public presentation or accounting with regard to raising, managing, and utilizing public money is a complex issue. The standards are many, diverse, and sometimes conflicting. In some instances there is a accepted regulation or criterions doing organic structure that can cover selected facets of fiscal answerability. In general, nevertheless, there may be more than one regulation doing organic structure. For case, there can be governmental and private regulation doing organic structures. Residents of the affected legal power may hold their ain positions or inadvertence commissions. More by and large, in a democratic society there are frequently norms that provide counsel on answerability. These norms, excessively, may diverge. As an illustration, see the dissension that can originate over a revenue enhancement determination. Is it equal to cover current and future duties made by determination shapers ; does it associate payments to benefits received ; does it enforce greater loads on one group as opposed to others ; and is it hard to roll up? Fiscal studies can be generated on all these issues. This text focuses more on the collectivity of fiscal determinations made by authorities, province and local authorities in peculiar. How does money raised screen disbursement and duties? What is the current and future fiscal wellness of the legal power or subentities covered. How make these determinations comply with the outlooks of regulation or criterion doing organic structures? Governments issue many types of fiscal studies, but the most across-the-board and seeable at the province and local degree is the Comprehensive Annual Financial Report ( see this chapter, lesson 2 ) ( CAFR ) . The CAFR includes the fiscal statements. In this text the fiscal statements provide the chief focal point and therefore the term fiscal statement is sometimes used interchangeably with the phrase fiscal study. Fiscal statements are reasonably demanding in format and supply a quantitative expression at the operating success, fiscal wellness, and conformity of the authorities describing units. The fiscal statements are frequently referred to as the GPFS ( General Purpose Financial Statements ) and can on occasion be taken out of the CAFR and shown individually. The signifier of these statements and the definitions of what they seek to measure are germinating. One signifier or definition may do success, wellness, and conformity appear adequate while another, less so. For case, wit h some signifiers and definitions adoption can be used to hike opportunities for reported success ; in others, it can non. As a consequence, this text will look critically at the current signifier and definitions and examine options. Another of import issue is that historically, the focal point of governmental fiscal coverage is on how good the authorities did in transporting out lawfully authorised maps for the different subentities and financess of authorities. In general, fiscal studies for authorities do non cover the authorities as a whole, but instead the studies screen separate subentities and financess such as all the money raised and spent for diversion or all the money raised and spent for a parking garage or all the fiscal activity for a constituent of the authorities such as school territory. Subentities and financess are at a degree below the full authorities organic structure or legal power. Subsequently, more attending will be given to the separate subentities and financess that are the soon the cardinal unit for governmental accounting. The chief private regulation doing organic structure, the Governmental Accounting Standards Board ( GASB ) , is sing many alterations for describing, such as a stu dy for the authorities as a whole which will probably be called the entity broad position to possibly supplement the fund position. Theoretical contentions aside, at a given point in clip, fiscal studies are based in portion on accounting regulations and other types of regulations or criterions that frequently capture the daily pecuniary minutess and events of authorities. The minutess are are so summarized into fiscal studies. These studies typically make direct appraisals of fiscal public presentation and many affairs that impinge on fiscal public presentation. Technically, one of the major ends of fiscal studies is to measure fiscal success, conditions, and conformity of the financess and other accounting subentities. With such information, one possible benefit of fiscal studies is to assist people make better determinations about their community, their authorities, and their economic system. These determinations may associate to the election of functionaries, ballots on new undertakings, and even the determination to remain in or travel off from a community. Further, the coverage may supply information so that determinations that make the legal power better off. Considerable systematic and official work on governmental fiscal coverage has been done for province and local authoritiess. This text focuses on the work done for province and local authoritiess. This text besides concentrates chiefly on the CAFR ( this chapter, lesson 2 ) and the fiscal statements ( this chapter, lessor 4 ) in the CAFR. Elementss of Financial Reports — Government and Business In general, authorities has significantly different accounting regulations for developing fiscal studies than does concern. Government relies more on a hard currency footing or liquidness and one-year logic to measure one-year activities, whereas concern relies more on an accrual logic to incorporate appraisal of both one-year and long term events. Besides accounting regulations, authorities Torahs and ordinances play a big function in the these governmental fiscal studies. Therefore, the frequent refer to conformity. The lawfully authorised budget of the legal power is critical to fiscal coverage in authorities. That is, the fiscal studies assess the grade to which the authorities disposal, peculiarly fiscal direction, was in conformity with the budget. Because of the importance of the importance of the one-year budget in answerability, authoritiess soon make a clear differentiation between current or one-year points and long term points in their fiscal studies, with accent on current points. Similarly, authoritiess differentiate between liquid assets and fixed assets, with more attending to liquid assets. For the most portion, fiscal studies are intended to supply information for people outside the direction of the authorities. These people are frequently referred to as external users. Because these external users do non hold direct control over the content of fiscal studies, parts of the studies are audited, for illustration, the hearer seeks to certify that the fiscal statements are soon reasonably in agreement with by and large accepted accounting rules ( GAAP ) . Regardless of where or how accounting criterions are developed for fiscal coverage, the standard scene procedure is extremely controversial since a good trade can be at interest in describing fiscal success, conditions, and conformity. A study exudating hapless consequences, conditions, or conformity can upset users. Therefore, the standard scene procedure is sometimes shaped by values and political force per unit areas to obtain favourable fiscal screenings. Many of the alterations in accounting and coverage that have shaped concern accounting criterions have merely begun to come in or be discussed in authorities. The attempt to mensurate current and long term economic chances and convey that information in a blunt manner so external users can apportion resources to those concern they feel will gain has non made a important impact of province and local fiscal coverage. Some of the grounds have to make with the legal nature of province and local authorities. Some have to make with political reserve to publically expose hapless consequences. Some have to make with the questionable rightness of an accent on economic sciences instead than a balance toward economic sciences, societal equity, involvement group political relations, and conformity. Recent proposal by GASB suggest as greater involvement in economic success and chances. A List of Important Footings Associated with Financial Reports — A Expression at single points. accounting regulations Called by and large accepted accounting rules ( GAAP ) , accounting regulations are developed through a due-process system or became accepted with common usage. one-year budget The legislative assembly yearly ( some biannually ) authorizes what grosss to raise, what money to borrow, what promises to do, and what activities to pay for. one-year or current points v. long term Government fiscal studies emphasize and by and large have more stiff accounting regulations for fiscal minutess that involve money raised, spent, or due during the current twelvemonth. Long term points are set aside or de-emphasized until they come due. audited In general, audits effort to find whether the presentation of fiscal information conforms to a set of standards, with the standards in authorities including both accounting regulations and authorities Torahs and ordinances. authorized Given authoritiess ‘ heavy trust on legality, fiscal studies focal point well on whether money was raised, handled, and spent harmonizing to legal mandates. The word conformity becomes really important. better determinations Fiscal studies are intended to better determination devising. These determination can be economic such as a good return on investing or political such as how to vote on a campaigner or issue. capacity

Malcom X and Martin Luther King Jr. Essay

Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X are very prominent African American individuals throughout history. They fought for what they stood for but in many different ways. As we all know in history there are no two great men that are alike. Their many beliefs may have blossomed from the households they came from and how they grew up. King grew up in a middle class family and was well educated. While, Malcolm X grew up in an underprivileged environment that was very hostile with barely any schooling. Martin Luther King Jr. was always against violence, throughout his entire ministry. He always stood his ground, and he stood out because eventhough he may have been physically attacked, he never reacted with violence. Martin Luther King Jr. followed the Christian faith. Malcolm X was a Muslim, and believed in Muslim principles. His most famous line was â€Å"By any Means Necessary†. He believed in fighting back physically. Whatever had to be done to get freedom he was all for it whether it be violence or nonviolence. Although later in life he visited Jerusalem, and met other Muslims. He changed his views, and became nonviolent. Both Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. had uncompromising love for their people. They both wanted see Black people in the best possible position. They were both religious figures that used religious to provide structure, morality, courage, determination and unity in Black people. They were both killed before they reached their 40th birthday.They both stood 4 freedom,they were both assassinated and they both liked Afro-American women.Different religions but both were men of god. Malcolm X was a Muslim and Martin Luther King jr was a Christian. Malcolm X was a Black nationalists and Garveyite. Malcolm X did not believe in an integrated society between Blacks and Whites. Malcolm X believed that Black people should build a world for themselves controlled by themselves that specifically addressed the needs and desires unique to Black people. MLK wanted his movement to be peaceful, while X was a radical extremist who wanted A.A. rights to be violent..Martin Luther King wanted to get things accomplished without aggression or violence, and Malcolm X did not. Martin Luther King wanted everyone to coexist peacefully and wanted to be counted as an equal, and Malcolm X wanted there to be a clear segregation of the White people and Black people in America, with different areas for each to live, because he felt that they would never get along. Martin Luther King Jr was an integrationist. He believe in one American society based upon the promises of the founding fathers of America that all men were created equal and had the right to life liberty and the pursuit of happiness. He believed that it was Black people’s right to be first class citizens of America and all that it entailed. After Malcolm X left the Nation of Islam he went to Mecca to complete one of the five pillars of Islam which is â€Å"El Hajj† The holy pilgrimage. After that experience he begin to take on a world view against injustice and tyranny everywhere. Martin Luther King jr take on a similar stance sparked by the Vietnam war. He too saw the importance of fighting injustice worldwide.

Unemployment Causes And Solutions In Nigeria

The chairman of the Subsidy Reinvestment and Employment Programme (Sure-P), Dr. Christopher Kolade, has bemoaned the rising rate of unemployment in the country, saying that no fewer than 40 million Nigerians are without jobs. Even before Dr. Kolade spoke, Nigerians were already aware of the dire situation as unemployment rate in the country has been increasing over the years. According to the National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria’s unemployment rate averaged 14. 60 per cent from 2006 until 2011, reaching an all time high of 23.90 per cent in December 2011.The NBS measures unemployment rate by the number of people actively looking for a job as a percentage of the labour force. In its Economic Report on Nigeria released in May this year, the World Bank noted that â€Å"Nigeria’s annual growth rates that average over seven per cent in official data during the last decade place the nation among the fastest growing economies in the world noting that the growth has been con centrated particularly on trade and agriculture, which would suggest substantial welfare benefits for many Nigerians.Nevertheless, poverty reduction and job creation have not kept pace with population growth, implying social distress for an increasing number of Nigerians. Progress towards the fulfilment of many of the Millennium Development Goals has been slow, and the country ranked 153 out of 186 countries in the 2013 United Nations Human Development Index. † According to the World Bank, â€Å"job creation in Nigeria has been inadequate to keep pace with the expanding working age population.The official unemployment rate had steadily increased from 12 per cent of the working age population in 2006 to 24 per cent in 2011. Preliminary indications are that this upward trend continued in 2012. † In a similar observation in June, the Honorary International Investors Council (HIIC) pointed to what it called â€Å"the growing unemployment rate and the rising number of poor skilled workforce† in the country. The Council, headed by Baroness Lynda Chalker, was inaugurated in 2004 as a presidential advisory body to attract global financial players into the Nigerian economy.Although not much positive impact could be attributed to HIIC’s efforts in Nigeria, the Council urges the government â€Å"to improve on its synergy with the other tiers of government and the industry in order to build basic education geared towards enhancing capacity of the workforce for industrialisation of the economy. † It goes without saying that the nation’s unemployment rate has become a source of concern to government. Only recently the Minister of Finance and Coordinating Minister for the Economy, Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, admitted that the spate of unemployment was giving her sleepless nights.Quoting the National Bureau of Statistics, the minister declared that â€Å"each year, about 1. 8m young Nigerians enter into our labour market and we need to e nsure that the economy provides jobs for them. † Okonjo-Iweala blamed the ineffectiveness of government developmental programmes on the fact that Nigeria lacked the institutional capacity to harness the gains of the programmes. In her words, â€Å"When you look at Nigeria, for over 50 to 60 years, we’ve been working without the key institutions that some other people have. We keep making stopgap solutions.For 50 years, we didn’t have a Bureau for Public Procurement; for 50 years, we didn’t have a Debt Management Office. So many of the institutions that we have now are new and if you stand back, you’ll see there are still many gaps. It is now our job to try to fill those gaps. † The faster government moves in that direction the better as we have seen the concomitant effect of youth unemployment manifests itself in various forms across the country. Kidnapping, armed robbery and even militancy in the Niger Delta and to some extent the Boko Haram menace could be identified as some of the negative outcome of unemployment.

Auditing and Assurance for Intermediate Accounting - MyAssignmenthelp

Auditors play an important role in ensuring that the Australian investors must be confident about their decisions for the investments. The high quality of the audit is being undertaken by the help of the quality audits that supports the quality of the financial reports and also enables the investors to investors. The construction of the work can be easily made by depicting the concerns which are contributed to the likelihood of the auditor (Horngren, 2014). Therefore the objectives can be easily outlined as per the Australian Auditing model and also the Auditing standards are also followed. The accountants and auditors are having a wide opportunity in the market as the companies have to prepare the financial report with the help of accountants and auditors. The Accounting rules and standards require that the companies have to appoint external auditors to determine and evaluate the fair value of the company. The stakeholders of the companies demand better tracking of the financial health of the company. The changes in the accounting rules, regulations and laws require help from the accountants and auditors by the companies (Weirich, Pearson, & Churyk, 2014). It has become very important for the organizations to present the financial report in an appropriate manner in front of the stakeholders. It has changed the accounting processes of many organizations, and they are depended on the accountants and auditors to prepare the financial statements. The opportunities can be easily explained in the form of the remaining auditing process which is being used for showing the unch anging of the decades that also enables them to have the appropriate test. This simply defines the categories of the auditing liaisons which is being used for the usage of the evolving technology. This simply undertakes the appropriate and actual verification of the payments that is being used for recording the information. The auditing profession in Australia operates under the co-regulatory regimes. The largest professional bodies: CPA Australia, the National Institute of Accountants and Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia have in place codes of ethics and rules that governs the professional conduct of their members. ASIC provides direction for the registration of the auditors. Thus, the auditors have the wide scope to enter into the auditing profession. Any individual who wants to become an auditor is required to make the application for the registration to ASIC (Stice, & Stice, 2014). The individual should satisfy the requirements for the registration as an auditor which includes experience and educational requirement as per the ASIC. The individual should be capable of carrying out his/her auditing duties. ASIC have powers to determine and evaluate breaches of the rules and regulations by the auditors. Membership of the professional accounting body is considered as the legal requirement for becoming an auditor. The subparagraph 1280 (2)(a)(i) of Corporations Act states that members of CPAA or ICAA should satisfy the educational qualification requirements in order to be registered as an auditor. Most of the auditors are the members of one of the bodies. The professional bodies provide wide opportunity to the auditors in order to carry their auditing practices in an appropriate manner (Bodnar, & Hopwood, 2013). The accounting standards changes their rules, laws and standards which need to be followed by the organizations. The organizations have to appoint the accountants and auditors in order to prepare their financial statements as per the accounting standards. The Auditing and Assurance Standards Boards publishes and develops the auditing standards that are similar in framework to the accounting standards that are issued by the AAASB. The CPAA and ICAA have developed the joint code of the professional conduct as the ethical code (Ricchiute, 2006). The audit firms have to carry out their accounting process in an ethical manner which means fair representation of the financial statements. The audit firms also provide wide opportunity to the auditors to continue their auditing profession.   The audit firms have also provided with opportunity under the Australian Auditing Model.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The overall explanation is seemed to be revolving around the opportunities, and the challenges that are faced by the Auditing profession are discussed in this case with the help of the Australian Auditing Model. The use of the artificial intelligence system is also explained in this case which is showing the appropriate applications in the field of accounting and auditing. The preparation of financial statements in an appropriate manner is very much important for the organizations.   Bodnar, G., & Hopwood, W. (2013).  Accounting information systems. Boston: Prentice Hall. Horngren, C. (2014).  Accounting. Toronto: Pearson Canada. Parker, L., Guthrie, J., & Milne, M. (2008).  Accounting, auditing & accountability journal. [Bradford, England]: Emerald. Ricchiute, D. (2006).  Auditing. Mason, Ohio: South-Western/Thomson Learning. Stice, J., & Stice, E. (2014).  Intermediate accounting. Mason: South-Western/Cengage Learning. Weirich, T., Pearson, T., & Churyk, N. (2014).  Accounting & auditing research. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Ethics and Governance of Nike Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ethics and Governance of Nike - Essay Example Nike is one of those companies of the world which are continuously accused of the ethical issues such as human rights and the working conditions in the Nike factories in the developing and under-developed countries. Despite of abandoning many unethical activities and involving itself in the global social and environmental activities, Nike is still accused for exploitation of labor rights in many countries around the world (Kahle, L. R. & Boush, D.M. & Phelps, M. 2000). The ethical issues and dilemmas faced by the Nike Incorporation are discusses below in detail. The manufacturing units of the Nike Incorporations have been established in the developing or under-developed countries because of the cheap labor in these countries. The wages provided by Nike are even lower than the standard wage level in those developed or under-developed countries. The employees at Nike are unable to meet their basic needs. Nike has made an effort to solve the issue by employing the workers at the wage rate as given by those countries. Nike is involved in the violation of the global child labor laws. The children of the age 12 to 14 are working at the manufacturing units of Nike. Nike failed to practice the child labor laws in the under-developed countries. The human rights committees are continuously criticizing Nike for paying huge amounts to the celebrities for the endorsement of their products. The famous sports celebrities are paid millions of dollars to market and advertise the Nike products It is suggested to spend a part of money to improve workers standards of living and in the community building. Sweatshops Another issue involved sweatshops operated by the company. Sweatshops are the illegal and unethical activities

Management of people and organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Management of people and organizations - Essay Example This report consists of an organizational structure of the Walgreen Company. The company follows rigid departmentalization, which is a centralized set-up. The departments are not expected or needed to interact with each other on a daily basis. There are times when inter department communication is necessary but they are not expected to work in collaboration for the fulfillment of their routine tasks. It consists of levels of functional setup with centralized reporting and authoritative work processes. The original structure consists of three levels of management; the CEO on the first level, CFO and Departmental heads on the second level, supervisors and managers in the third level. There is a recommendation given to re-structure the set-up. Instead of three levels, Area Managers can be located at level two who will be responsible to give directives to the departmental heads. As Walgreens is providing services at national and international platforms, it is necessary to locate Area Man ager. During this process, some authority and decision-making powers of CEO can be transferred to the Area Managers. It is bureaucratic organization with very less communication between the departmental heads. However, there can be some delegation of work within the department. Supervisors can take the role of the Line Managers in the organization. However, there is a need to define their responsibility. Managers and Departmental Heads can play an effective role in filling communication gap and provide solutions within the department.

MGT 511 CASE ASSIGNMENT 3 Work-Life Issues Essay

MGT 511 CASE ASSIGNMENT 3 Work-Life Issues - Essay Example The main aim here is to ensure that the individual spends equal time and energy on home matters, family activities and also self well being. Some of main reasons a work life balance is so focused on is the need to spend quality and flexible hours in taking care of the elderly, children and also better health care. With the growing levels of competition the need for flexible working hours and conditions, the concept has been well received by numerous large organisations however has not been very well received by other smaller organisations. A number of the large organisations and medium scaled companies provide the employees with a chance to have shorter work weeks and flexible schedules as well as options to work from home. Also companies are now adopting the flexible work hours and flexible work environment as a part of the corporate social responsibility as well. An excellent source of information for the work place flexibility is that presented by Ken Giglio of the Sloan Work and Family Research Network. The website provides a wide range of flexibility options provided by several companies keeping in mind the needs of the workforce (Giglio, n.d.). As seen in the case study by Giglio, it is evident that companies like AFLAC provide the employees with a flexible work environment and are not very strict in terms of the work hours. The company works on the principle that if the employees are taken care of, then the employees will also take care of the business. The Gen X and Gen Y have very different approaches and perspectives to the work life balance. The differences relate to the attitude of work as well as the views and the changing work demographics in America. The Gen X is more focused on the fulfilment that they achieve from life. The typical family here will include both parents working and in case of any family needs, the wife tends to make changes to her work schedule accordingly. Here in Gen X the women need more flexible work options. However in the case of Gen Y, the men contribute to the work within the house as well. Here the men take up the roles of being a husband, father and also caregiver. This generation does not focus on the traditional gender roles and as explained by Fraone (2010), â€Å"Traditional gender roles no longer apply in a  marketplace, where women earn over half of all graduate degrees and have (in some  industries) the earning potential of their male counterparts† (Fraone, 2010).  Ã‚  Here in Gen Y the men take on the role within the family and here the men tend to be more involved in raising the children and also working towards child care responsibilities as well. As explained by Harrington in Fraone (2010), â€Å"The progressive organizations that we work with have developed a wide array of policies to support their employees and many are striving to foster a culture of flexibility, agility and viewing employees as a whole person† (Fraone, 2010). There is however a common issue wher e the managers or the Gen X workers tend to over look the role of men in home related work and also tend to overlook women who need flexible work conditions for family care. It is also crucial to note here that corporate leadership styles tend to be diverse and this provides a chance to provide better equitable work life balance as well. The leaders within an organisation may not always have children or may have children who are grown, or may not even have elderly to care for within the family.

MGT ASSIGNMENT PART ONE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MGT ASSIGNMENT PART ONE - Essay Example one example, there exists many such examples around the globe whereby strategic planning can seek to anticipate and ameliorate many of the challenges to profitability and change that exist within the current business environment. Furthermore, an evidence of tactical planning can be seen in the way in which BP has sought to further improve upon its safety performance in the wake of the Deepwater Horizon Oil spill within the Gulf of Mexico. Although BP was only partly responsible for the Macando Blow Out, the fact of the matter was that the incident was able to focus a high degree of oversight and introspection into the means whereby wells were drilled, caps were placed, and safety procedures were followed within the industry. More than being the greatest oil spill in history, the Macando Blow Out has provided BP with an exceptional opportunity to implement tactical planning on all of its oil drilling operations as a means of ensuring such an eventuality does not again occur. Finally, for the aspect of contingency planning that BP engages in, one can understand such a determinant also through the lens of the Macando Blow Out. What was evidenced at the time that the explosions and subsequent leak was first evidenced was the fact that BP was wholly and completely unprepared for dealing with a situation such as this; both on the tactical front as well as upon the contingency planning front. Rather than integrating a belief or understanding with the shareholders within the arena of public opinion that the firm was in control and was capable of dealing with the situation, what unfolded for the world to see was a firm that seemed to be muddling its way through the greatest oil spill in recorded human history. This destroyed consumer confidence and has left a very biased taste within the minds of shareholders that has yet to be erased. Although the majority of the damage from Deepwater horizon has since dissipated, the pervasive memory of how the firm dealt wit h

Theater History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Theater History - Essay Example Entertainment in these early times involved travelling productions. With the rise however of very popular stars and the clamor of audiences to see their performances as often as they possibly could, the stage theaters started to be strongly patronized. This also marked the beginning of the single play with long-running stage productions. Significantly thereafter, the theater started to become one of the oldest forms of entertainment, and this, even long before the televisions and the cinemas were born. This paper will particularly focus on the following key points: realism, the resurgence of new melodrama and that of political censorship, with the end in view of not only discovering the correlations between the aforementioned key points and the rise of the stars, but that of their linkage as well, to the future growth of theater itself. (Germany) and Konstantin Stranislavsky (Moscow) advocated realism, the true depictions of life. Eventually, this soon became the dominant mode in most of the theatrical productions not only in Europe but also in the West (www.wsu.edu/brians/hum_303/naturalism.html). Most of the playwrights and production directors centered on the lives of shining stars like French stage actress Sarah Bernhardt (1844 -1923) and Italian stage player Eleonora Duse (1858 -1924). The renowned Sarah with the reputation of being a very serious dramatic actress then was referred to as "the most famous actress in the history of the world". She would later in this artistic profession earn the nickname of "The Divine Sarah" (Wikipedia). Injuring her right leg in 1905, an amputation was done in 1915, but this did not stop the ambivalent Sarah from continuing to tour and perform. She succumbed to a lingering ailment and made her final goodbye in 1923 while filming La Voyante (www.who2.com/sarahbernhardt.html). E leonora Duse, on the other hand, was considered as the greatest Italian player of her age, marking her American debut in 1893. With nineteen years hiatus, she made her farewell tour in 1923 (Fuse). Both Sarah and Eleonora had beautiful golden voices and each shared their respective abilities to breathe their emotional lives into the classic roles that they performed. Consequently, in their own respective rights, they would each further the movement toward the bringing about of remarkable realistic acting. Their professional careers became major successes despite of the fact that both their real lives were wrought and harrowed by the characters that they played. This fusion of realism and drama that are seen in turn in both these dramatic performers ushered in many changes in scenic and costume design, acting styles and staging. Similarly, in real life, both of them from frequent bouts of physical ailments, most of the time some financial difficulties, and the common problem of havin g countless love affairs. In any event, together, the two great stage actresses were most instrumental to making the concept of realism, the most dominant mode in the history of playwriting and theatrical productions during the 19th century. RESURGENCE OF NEW MELODRAMA "Melodrama was the primary form of

READING Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

READING - Assignment Example Of great interest is the position that Kal Raustilia and Chris Sprigman (2012) take, contrary to conventional knowledge and mainstream belief. Raustilia and Sprigman are of the persuasion that it is not possible to quantify losses attributed to piracy and copyright violations and that statistical provisions by proponents of Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and Protect IP Act (PIPA) which show that copyright infringement costs the US 200 billion dollars and 750,000 jobs annually, cannot be relied upon. Raustilia and Sprigman (2012) cite Tim Lee’s assertion that statistical figures should neither be taken at face value, nor unquestionably relied upon since such figures are almost always prone to approximations, double and triple counting. Raustilia and Sprigman continue that in some instances, music piracy may serve as substitute for legitimate transactions, and that the same can also trigger increased savings, since, instead of money being spent to purchase music, music is downloa ded on the one hand. On the other hand, increased savings may catalyze economically significant initiatives and undertakings, and thereby covering for the supposed loss of jobs and revenue which piracy may have caused. Nevertheless, a critical look at factors that underpin legislation which proscribe the infringement of copyright rules and logical reasoning leave the proposition which Raustilia and Sprigman advance as too impractical to be effected. In the same vein, it is most probable that Raustilia and Sprigman had not thought deeply about the implications that would come with the violation and collective disregard of copyright laws. In the first place, Gorski (2011) illustrates that the need to safeguard creativity and originality defeats the standpoint that Raustilia and Sprigman (2012) advance. It must be realized that the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, Title 17 of the United States Code, the NET Act and the Copyright Act of 1909 do not merely seek to ensure that all who ac cess music buy them, but to actually protect originality and creativity. Always, music is a culmination of training and creativity which are valuable resources. It is preposterous to argue that the training and creativity which an individual uses to earn a living should be treated as valueless. In this case, Raustilia and Sprigman’s proposition that music piracy can help generate financial or economic value does not suffice since such an arrangement alienates the original thinker, creator and director of an original piece from his work. The kind of advancement which Raustilia and Sprigman make is tantamount to robbing Peter to pay Paul, if not worse. In a separate wavelength, it is important to note that legislative pieces such as the Copyright Act of 1909, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, Title 17 of the United States Code and the NET Act are the very provisions which created the existence of the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and mandates RIAA to disc harge its duties and responsibilities. RIAA shows clearly that the music industry alone have forfeited millions of dollars to piracy. RIAA further divulges that in 2002, music revenue fell by 7% since the sale of CDs declined from 882 million to 803 million units. The report that RIAA provides in this case may be used to vindicate the statistical provisions that the proponents of SOPA and PIPA advance