Wal-Mart Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wal-Mart - Article Example It also has an incredible team of executives who form its leadership. This has equipped Wal-Mart with management of high caliber. Finally, the Company spends its resources carefully with the aim of maximizing their margins while reducing costs. The company focuses on strategies such as everyday low prices that helped it stay ahead of its competitors. More so, the company’s retailer opened new small stores, which helped it overcome its competitors such as Amazon.com and dollar stores. It faced tough competition from these companies but it managed to make profits. The company has been replacing its discount stores with supercentres. In this supercentres, Wal-Mart added grocery products and other new services to its existing traditional merchandise offerings. The company tried to expand internationally by offering the everyday low prices strategy. More so, it opened more formats and ventured into e-commerce opportunities. The company should reshuffle its top management in United States to head the U.S stores. In addition, the company needs to replace urban stores with Wal-Mart express stores, which will resemble convenience stores. The company had to rely on e-commerce by expanding its online business such as moving into digital books, appliances, music, and groceries. This made it compete with Amazon.com since it took advantage of its physical presence by providing daily pickup for digital or online

Software Requirement Specification Essay Example for Free

Software Requirement Specification Essay In existing system, professor takes the attendance manually and records the details of absentees or presenters. Using this records professor stores the student’s attendance in each day in the attendance list and calculates the attendance percentage manually. In this system professor must consider each student separately and keep this list safely. It takes lot of time. Professor must spend more time to record the each student’s attendance in the attendance list. The project aims in implementing software that helps professor to take the attendance using mobile phone. For this mobile must support java application. This project is based on J2ME technology. Professor enters the attendance to the mobile using keypad. It is a manual process. After saving the absentees or presenters in to the mobile, teacher can edit the attendance list in the mobile. And this attendance details can send to a computer using GPRS. After sending the files to a computer, attendance list must be updated automatically. Modules 1.User Module: The main purpose of the user module is to provide security. This module is specially designed for staffs, which use mobile phone to take attendance. Each staff enter username and password before enter in to attendance list. If username and password cannot match, he/she can’t enter in to attendance page. 2. Attendance Entry Module: The purpose of Attendance Entry Module is to mark the attendance using cell phone. In this module Lecturer takes the attendance using the cell phone. Lecturers select the branch, semester and year. After this session he enters in to attendance page. Here staff makes a mark on the absentees. 3. GPRS connectivity Module: The main function of GPRS connectivity module is sends attendance list to the server database by connecting cell phone with the server through GPRS. In this module attendance list in the cell phone is sends to the database. 4. Updating the Database Module: The first function of this module is to update the attendance list from the cell phone. When the attendance list from the cell phone receives, server automatically updates its database. The server updating the database whether any change from cell phone occurred. 5. Display Module: The Displaying attendance list Module deals with the WEB application of CBAS. In this module Students can view their attendance through WEB. Student must select the branch and year then they get the attendance list of the class. 6. SMS Module: The main advantage of SMS module is that the Students can know their attendance by sending SMS from anywhere. Students send a SMS to the server with their register number. If it is in correct format, the server will replays the attendance of corresponding student through SMS. Otherwise sends an error message.

Patient Diagnosis: Lack of Energy Presentation

Patient Diagnosis: Lack of Energy Presentation Summary This dissertation is based on two patients who presented to medical services with a presenting complaint of a lack of energy?. My first patient, Mrs W, 61 years, has Diabetes Mellitus, type 2 and my second patient, Mr H, 59 years, has severe anaemia from unknown lower Gastrointestinal blood loss. I shall begin by focusing on the clinical aspects and basic medical sciences of their diseases and then go on to discuss psychosocial aspects, management, investigations and the role of professionals involved in their health care. I will then look at research and evidence based trials to explore the scope of their conditions and look at any current research that is being carried out. Throughout my dissertation I aim to reflect and convey what I have learnt and how I felt about my experiences. From writing this report I have developed as an individual and have gained personal advancements that I didnt expect to achieve. I have been able to widen my understanding of diseases and patients experience of their disease. Furthermore, I have gained an appreciation for research and evidence based medicine and developed a respect for other health care professionals. I have learnt the vital importance of taking on a holistic approach when dealing with a patient, rather than just looking at the basic science behind a disease. All in all, writing this dissertation has enabled me to truly understand how a disease can affect a patient and I now appreciate that it is not always about curing a patient, but about treating, advising and working towards a better quality of life for the patient and their family. 1. Introduction In my dissertation I aim to explain, explore and reflect on my experience of the People and Disease course. In particular I will focus on my experience of meeting with two individual patients with the same presenting complaint a lack of energy?. Both patients seem to be concerned with the prognosis of their disease but from very different points of view. My first patient wants to overcome her diabetes and not let it worsen; whereas, my second patient does not wish to know the cause of his anaemia, but is worried about the associated symptoms of his condition and how they will progress. Before contacting my first patient, Mrs. W, I felt apprehensive and quite anxious about the idea of having my own patient. I was worried about what she would think of me, how we would be able to build a rapport and what sort of questions I would ask her. In all honesty, I had naturally stereotyped her as a typical old lady?, but on meeting her, my initial thoughts were soon corrected. From this I have learnt that when given details about a patient you shouldnt necessarily stereotype and categorise them into a certain group in society. When asking her the initial questions that I had prepared I felt that it made the conversation very informal, so to adapt to the situation I just literally let her speak and tell me whatever she wanted to. This was very helpful to me as she had a lot of things she wanted to tell me and talk about. However, I do realise from communication skills seminars that not all patients will be as open as this in the future and therefore I do need to have the ability to speak to patients that are perhaps a bit more reluctant and unwilling to share their problems and thoughts. For example, you can use a lot of open questions to allow the patient to answer what they feel is comfortable for them and just gradually develop the conversation from what they say, rather than chit chatting?, which is what I found with my first patient. After asking Mrs.W about her recently diagnosed diabetes she seemed very unsure how to explain to me what she thought was wrong with her, she seemed to resent the fact she has a disease and questioned what she had done to deserve becoming ill. She said that even though the Doctor had explained everything to her, she was unsure of what to expect in the future and seemed quite worried about the aspect of not being able to care for herself. From telling me all of this, I felt quite overwhelmed and unsure of how to reassure her. Even though I wanted to help, I found myself in a situation where I physically couldnt, which was very frustrating. On my second and third visits I asked a bit more about her family situation, her social activities and her thoughts, ideas and feelings (psychological factors). From taking on this broader approach, I began to realise the true picture of Mrs Ws life and how it contributed to the worries of her illness. She told me about her husband leaving her and h er daughter and son becoming quite distant, she explained that she often felt lonely and at times it made her feel quite depressed. This seemed to be more of a concern to her than her actual illness, but it demonstrated why she is concerned about her diabetes worsening because she has very little family support and would have to cope by herself. From the meetings with Mrs W, I have learnt the vital importance of taking on a holistic approach when speaking to a patient. I have learnt that its not just a biological illness that contributes to the wellbeing of a patient; you have to take into consideration the home/family environment and the social and psychological factors. Not only have I had the opportunity to see an illness in the context of real life but I have greatly improved my confidence and patient communication skills by being able to gather information, take family history and cope in a one-to-one based home environment. However, my experience from meeting my first patient contrasted completely with my second patient experience. Initially I had some difficulties finding my second patient, as the consultant I had contacted only ran morning clinics; so I took the initiative to go into the hospital and find a suitable patient myself. Even though I felt quite nervous, I went onto the haematology ward and simply explained to one of the nurses about my course and what had happened so far with trying to find a patient. She was extremely helpful and understanding, which put me at ease and she more or less found me a patient right there and then (which I hadnt expected). However, even though I hadnt really prepared anything I already felt that I had developed some good skills and awareness of communicating appropriately with patients, both from my first patient and communication skills seminars, to be able to build up a good report with my second patient. Mr. H (my second patient) was very different to my first patient in the sense that he wasnt as open when talking about his illness. He is suffering from severe anaemia and has to have blood transfusions every week (so like my first patient, had the presenting symptom of no energy). However, he didnt seem to recall any dates of his illness and didnt want to explain what had caused the anaemia. However, after reading his medical records and meeting with his consultant, I came to realise that Mr. H had had a bad experience with a doctor and had adamantly refused further investigation, so his severe/worsening anaemia remains an unknown cause. Also, in comparison to my first patient, he had a much more considerable loss of energy, so even though he gave consent for me to talk to him, I felt at times he needed a break so I ensured that I did not stay too long and trouble him during my visits. Nevertheless, I found that meeting a patient in a hospital environment is completely different to meeting them in a home environment. In a hospital environment you need to be very aware of everything around you, how you are acting towards other staff and patients and there is a real need to realise certain cues from the patient (as they are in a more severe situation than a patient in a home environment). Overall, the People and Disease course has been a really enjoyable learning curve. Ive been able to put my communication skills to practice and see how to adapt to different situations, which has boosted my confidence enormously. Even though there is much more to learn, I really look forward to doing so and I hope that I will develop the skills needed to become a good doctor in todays society. 2. Clinical Features In this section I aim to discuss clinical features of my patients diseases and differential diagnoses. My first patient was diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and my second patient suffers from severe anaemia; both of these conditions have similar clinical features and the same presenting complaint of a lack of energy and fatigue. Both of my patients recorded symptoms of lethargy, dizziness, fainting and shortness of breath; exploring these similar symptoms demonstrates the importance and accuracy needed for a diagnosis, as these symptoms could be indicative of a variety of other diseases. It is also vital to have a correct diagnosis, as a misdiagnosis would lead to unnecessary grievance, treatments or investigations which would cause a patient a lot of stress. Fatigue is the common presenting complaint in both of my patients and is clinically difficult to define; it is related to tiredness, exhaustion and a general lack of energy. Fatigue is a very common health complaint and around 20% of people in the United Kingdom claim to have fatigue intense enough to interfere with them having a normal life. Physical causes are estimated at 20-60%, and emotional causes are the other 40-80% (1).The fact that fatigue alone can disrupt ones life so severely indicates the important role of a doctor to be able to make a correct diagnosis for the cause of it. However, my individual patients described their fatigue in very different ways. Mrs W described her lack of energy in relation to feeling lethargic and very tired all the time, whereas Mr Hs fatigue was very much to do with a sudden onset of shortness of breath and chest pain. The symptoms that patients with anaemia normally present with are highlighted in the image below: (2) Mr. H has anaemia with haemoglobin levels often as low as 3.2gm/dL; with the normal range being 13 18 gm/dL for a male and 12 16 gm/dL for a female (2); indicating that his anaemia is very severe and therefore explains why he would experience fainting, chest pain and angina as shown in the image above. And in comparison to Mrs. W, highlights the difference in their experience of their clinical presentation of a lack of energy. Type 2 diabetes was previously referred to as adult onset diabetes and is related to insulin resistance and a relative, rather than an absolute, deficiency of insulin secretion (3). Due to the fact that this type of diabetes is concerned with gradual insulin resistance/deficiency means that individuals do not always (or initially) require insulin to achieve satisfactory diabetic control. The common symptoms associated with Type 2 Diabetes are (4): Polyuria: the need to urinate more often due to the body trying to excrete the extra glucose that is in the blood and in turn creating an osmotic gradient resulting in more urine production. Polydipsia: feeling thirsty more often than usual, due to the loss of fluids (increased urine production). Weight loss: this is due to the fact that glucose is not being taken up by cells due to insulin deficiency/resistance, so the body starts to burn up fat instead, which results in weight loss due to fat storage depletion. The majority of diabetic patients experience lack of energy because the cells in the body are not getting the glucose that they need, resulting in lethargy and tiredness. As type 2 diabetes progresses, patients may also experience blurred vision, yeast infections and prolonged time for wound healing. Mrs W was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in February 2007; initially only experiencing a lack of energy. Over the months that I met with her she also started to experience polyuria and polydipsia. She was concerned as to how much her diabetes would progress and worsen because it had not been made very clear by her Doctor. This demonstrates the important need for a Doctor to be aware of patients concerns and level of understanding of their disease process. However, when speaking to Mr H about his clinical presentation and symptoms he had a very nonchalant attitude towards the cause of his disease. I later discovered that his anaemia was in fact due to unknown lower Gastro-intestinal (GI) blood loss and on questioning Mr H about this; he explained that he refused investigation to find the cause of the blood loss due to dissatisfaction with the way he was treated. He explained that during a scheduled procedure for a colonoscopy, the doctor carrying out the investigation was extremely rough and caused him a lot of distress and discomfort. And even though Mr H asked for the procedure to be stopped, the doctor proceeded against the patients wishes; this aggravated Mr H and led to violent behaviour towards the doctor and the dispute was later taken to court. I was very shocked to hear of his experience and also felt deeply concerned that he refused future investigations as his symptoms and anemia are very severe and have lead to angina and disabling conditions; with him being unable to walk and get out of bed unassisted due to such severe lack of energy. This emphasizes the crucial need for a good doctor-patient relationship, as shown in this case, without it, a doctor may be unable to make a proper diagnosis and prescribe ideal treatment.   Differential Diagnosis:- Diabetes:- The process of looking at a differential diagnosis involves weighing the probability of one disease against the possibility of other diseases accounting for a patients illness. For example, Mrs W presented with a lack of energy for her diabetes mellitus, but this complaint could have been diagnosed as any other kind of condition such as, hypothyroidism or Cushings disease as they can also present with fatigue. Differential diagnosis to Diabetes Type II:- Why is the condition considered to be a differential diagnosis How to make the correct diagnosis:- Hypothyroidism Also results in a lack of energy and fatigue. Often diagnosed via a blood test, examining the levels of T3,T4 and TSH in the blood. Cushings Disease Polyuria (and associated polydipsia); insulin resistance (especially common in ectopic ACTH production) (5)which can lead to hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar levels), which can in fact lead to diabetes mellitus. Dexamethasone suppression test or/and a 24hour urinary measurement of cortisol(6). Hyperglycaemia High circulating blood glucose levels this is a symptom of diabetes, but could also be due to physiological stress, critical illness or certain drugs. Blood test which indicates a glucose level of 10+ mmol/L (180mg/dl) also a test for diabetes, therefore, need drug/medical history. Anaemia:- The differential diagnosis of anaemia would be any condition relating to the presenting complaint of a lack of energy?, or any other condition relating to the symptoms of anaemia, as discussed in the clinical features section. In particular relation to Mr Hs lower gastrointestinal bleeding the differential diagnoses are as follows: Differential diagnosis for lower GI bleeding:- Why is the condition considered to be a differential diagnosis? How to make the correct diagnosis:- Haemorrhoids Swelling/inflammation of veins in the rectum commonly due to straining in constipation. These can often rupture and bleed. Physical examination of external haemorrhoids, digital rectal examination for internal haemorrhoids. Colorectal Cancer Cancerous growths in the colon (thought to be adenomatous polyps) can rupture, thus causing a bleed. Digital rectal examination, Fecal occult blood test (testing for blood in the stool), endoscopy (7). Ulcerative Colitis A form of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, includes ulcers and open sores which lead to constant diarrhoea mixed with blood. Endoscopy; involving both colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy. From exploring the differential diagnosis of my patients conditions it has made me more aware of the vital importance of making the correct diagnosis; as there are a number of conditions that certain symptoms could be caused by. Furthermore, considering Mr Hs anaemia it does highlight the fact that his condition could be a number of quite serious conditions, which shocks me even more as he has chosen not to find out the cause of his worsening anaemia due to his troubled experience with a doctor. 3. Pathophysiology It is quite complex to discuss the aetiology of both my patients conditions as the exact cause of type 2 diabetes is not fully understood, although clear risk factors have been identified. Furthermore, Mr H refused investigation into his GI bleeding, which results in the cause of his anaemia remaining ambiguous. Diabetes Mellitus Type 2:- Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia (high blood glucose concentration), due to insulin deficiency, insulin resistance, or both. There are two main types of diabetes; type 1 and type 2. They can clearly be distinguished by their epidemiology and probable causation, but not always so easily separated clinically. Type 1 diabetes is due to autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas therefore, causing an increase in fasting blood glucose. However, diabetes type 2 is a disorder that is characterised by high blood glucose due to insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency (8). Since diabetes is a disease that affects your bodys ability to utilize glucose, it is important to understand what glucose is and how your body would normally control it. Glucose is a monosaccharide (simple) sugar that comes from the food we eat, cells take in glucose from the blood and break it down for energy; brain cells and red blood cells rely solely on glucose for fuel. The Pancreas:- The pancreas (where Insulin is synthesised) has both endocrine and exocrine functions. The exocrine function involves the secretion of digestive enzymes that are secreted from acinar cells and released into the small intestine via a system of ducts. Additionally, the endocrine part of the pancreas consists of millions of clusters of cells called Islets of Langerhans that produce hormones. Within the islets there are four main cell types; cells secrete glucagon, cells secrete insulin, cells secrete somatostatin, and PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide (9). Glucagon and Insulin are hormones secreted from the pancreas that work concomitantly to control the level of glucose in our blood. Glucagon is released when blood glucose levels fall, therefore resulting in stored glycogen being converted to glucose and thus increasing blood glucose levels, preventing a hypoglycaemic state. Insulin is a hormone that causes cells to take up glucose from the blood and store it as glycogen, thus a deficiency or resistance of this hormone will result in a high concentration of glucose in the blood. Insulin Release:- Beta cells release insulin via the following process; The glucose uptake takes place through a specific transporter protein called GLUT-2. The pancreatic ?-cell membrane contains several K+ channels, and two of them are directly involved, the K+-ATP channel and the maxi-K+ channel. The hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar level) accelerates the glucose uptake and metabolism and thus increases the ATP/ADP ratio. Increased ATP closes the K+-ATP channels, so the cell depolarises. During deploarisation from the normal resting membrane potential of -70 mV, a threshold is reached at 50 mV, resulting in the opening of Ca2+   channels. The Ca2+ influx triggers exocytosis of insulin and C-peptide containing granules following vesicular fusion with the cell membrane. ne. This process is demonstrated in the diagram below (10): However, in an insulin resistant individual normal levels of insulin that are released (via the process described above), do not have the same effect on muscle, adipose and liver cells, therefore resulting in glucose levels staying higher than normal. Increased levels of glucose in the bloodstream over a sustained length of time result in damage to blood vessels. Poorly controlled glucose levels can lead to complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy and cardiovascular diseases. Even though these complications may take a while to develop, it is important to realise that type 2 diabetes is often diagnosed at a relatively late stage. From looking at the pathophysiology of diabetes, Mrs Ws main symptom of lack of energy/tiredness can be explained. Due to her slow progression of insulin resistance means that more glucose remains in the blood and is not utilised by certain cells, such as muscle cells. Therefore, due to the fact that her cells are not able to use the glucose, she experiences weakness and tiredness. This lack of energy will progressively become worse and she may develop other complications if her diabetes is not controlled appropriately. Anaemia:- Anaemia occurs when there is a decrease in the level of haemoglobin in the blood and occurs when the production rate of red blood cells does not match the loss rate. It is a common condition in which all forms can be defined on the basis of physiological mechanisms. There are three broad categories: decreased/defective red blood cell production; increased destruction of red blood cells; and a mixture where both mechanisms operate simultaneously (11). Haemoglobin:- Haemoglobin is a substance contained within red blood cells and is responsible for their colour. It is composed of haem (an iron-containing porphyrin) linked to a protein, globin (12). Adult haemglobin consists of two and two globin chains. The iron containing porphyrin in the haem group is bound to each globin chain and a ferrous atom that can reversibly bind one oxygen molecule (as shown below (13). The biconcave shape of red blood cells enables a large surface area for the uptake and release of both oxygen and carbon dioxide. Haemoglobin becomes saturated with oxygen in the pulmonary capillaries where the partial pressure of oxygen is high and haemoglobin has a low affinity for oxygen (therefore, binds easily). Oxygen is then released in the tissues where the partial pressure of oxygen is low and haemoglobin has a low affinity for oxygen (therefore, oxygen offloads easily). The haemoglobin molecule itself exists in two conformations, relaxed (R) and tense (T). The tense state is characterized by the globin units being tightly held together by electrostatic bonds; when oxygen binds to the haemoglobin these bonds are weakened and broken, resulting in the relaxed conformation. The binding of one oxygen molecule leads to an increased affinity for the remaining binding sites, this is known as co-operativity, and is the reason for the sigmoid shape of the oxygen dissociation curve (below (14)). The binding of oxygen to haemoglobin can also be influenced by secondary effectors (as seen in the above image) i.e. hydrogen ions, carbon dioxide, and 2-3 diphosphoglycerate. The binding of 2, 3 DPG stabilizes the tense state and therefore, reduces haemoglobins affinity for oxygen (15). In conditions with lowered haemoglobin/oxygen levels, such as anaemia or hypoxia the concentration of 2, 3 DPG increases to raise oxygen availability for tissues. Haemoglobin Synthesis:- Haemoglobin is synthesised in a series of complex steps, it takes place in the mitochondria of the developing red blood cells. The major rate limiting step is the conversion of glycine and succinic acid to ?-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA), this occurs via ALA synthetase. Two molecules of ?-ALA condense to form a pyrrole ring, called porphobilinogen. The pyrrole rings are then grouped together   in fours, to form protoporphyrins. Iron is then inserted into the rings to form haem and then finally, haem is attached to the globin chains to form haemoglobin. Production and removal of red blood cells:- Red blood cells are formed and develop in the red bone marrow of large bones; the process by which they are produced is called erythropoiesis. The organ responsible for turning on the faucet of red blood cell production is the kidney. The kidneys can detect low levels of oxygen in the blood. When this happens, the kidneys respond by releasing a hormone called erythropoietin, which then travels to the red bone marrow to stimulate the marrow to begin red blood cell production. Within the bone marrow there are many stem cells from which red blood cells can be formed. As these cells mature, they extrude their nucleus and fill with haemoglobin, forming reticulocytes which can circulate around the body. After 3/4 months, approx 120 days, red blood cells begin to weaken and their cell membranes become very fragile. The red pulp of the spleen allows mechanical filtration and removal of red blood cells, and any leftover components i.e. iron from the haemoglobin are recycled to form new red bl ood cells (16). There are several different types of anaemia such as B12 deficiency, iron deficiency, diseases of the bone marrow and in relation to Mr H, chronic loss of blood. His severe loss of blood has subsequently led to his anaemia as there is a mismatch in production of red blood cells and loss of blood. Due to his deficiency in circulating reticulocytes, oxygen, via haemoglobin is insufficiently supplied to his body, resulting in severe lack of energy. Complications of his condition have led to shortness of breath and angina.   Angina Pectoris:- Angina pectoris literally means a choking sensation in the chest?. It is an episodic pain that is usually felt in the centre of the chest, often radiating to the neck and left arm. Angina occurs because myocardial oxygen requirement is greater than what it is supplied with. This results in a buildup of metabolites, causing pain (17). Classic angina occurs after exertion, excitation or emotion and is caused by insufficient oxygen supply to meet its demand; however, the pain normally subsides with rest. Due to Mr Hs chronic blood loss, there is insufficient blood supply to the heart and subsequent stress is placed on the organ which has led to his angina. 4. Psychosocial aspects of Illness and Disease The impact of chronic illness and disability is far reaching, extending beyond the patient to all those whom the individual has contact. Illness and disability affects all aspects of life, including social and family relationships, economic status, activities of daily living, and recreational activities. Even though several factors influence the extent of impact, every illness or disability requires some adjustment to everyday life. The extent of the impact can depend on (18): The nature of the condition Individuals pre illness/disability personality The meaning of the illness to the individual Individuals current life circumstances The degree of family/social support With reference to my patients, they each had different outlooks on their illnesses as mentioned previously. However, they do have certain similarities when considering the psychological aspect of their diseases. Both patients were shocked to find out their conditions as neither of them had expected to be diagnosed with a lifelong illness. This is known as biographical disruption, which is a key sociological concept as it identifies severe illness or disease as a major disruptive and unexpected experience. The illness/disease leads to a biographical shift from a perceived normal trajectory to an abnormal one, with the development of a new consciousness of the body, fragility of self and grief for a former life. For instance, Mrs W had future intentions to look after and care for her grandchildren and Mr H wanted to carry on working as a HGV driver; but due to their conditions they cannot achieve these former life plans and now have to adapt to a new ones. Additionally, they both explained to me how they experienced the feeling of facing stigma. Stigma refers to the identification and recognition of a negatively defined condition, attribute, trait or behaviour in a person or group of persons (19) . There are different types of stigma, such as enacted or felt. Mr H explained how he felt shunned from his friends and some relatives which refers to enacted stigma; the real experience of prejudice, discrimination and disadvantage as the consequence of his illness. Whereas, Mrs W spoke about her fear of being discriminated against and what people would think/say, which falls under a felt stigma; a fear of enacted stigma, also encompasses a feeling of shame associated with being diabetic?. I feel that this notion of facing stigma is perhaps underestimated in health care because it is not necessarily something a Doctor would automatically think about and therefore, perhaps wouldnt advise the patient on how to deal with such feelings. However, from talking to my patients about how they feel about having an illness they both stressed how psychologically disruptive it is, and how the feeling of being categorised as an ill individual has often led to depressive moods and anxiety. Therefore, from this experience I have learnt the importance of considering the patients thoughts and feelings rather than just focusing on how to treat their disease. Biological-psychosocial Model (Engel, 1977):- This is a model that incorporates psychological, sociological and biological factors in contribution to well being and health of an individual (20). It suggests that all three of these factors together and individually play an important role in relation to health and emphasises the importance of taking on a holistic approach when caring for a patient. The obvious factor of health is the biological factors of disease, the process of the disease and the individuals genetic make-up. Sociological factors include individuals family and friend support network as well as financial status and social class. Psychological factors include peoples disposition, their emotional status, whether they are stressed, depressed or anxious all contribute to ill health. From learning about this model it is important to note what factors affect a patient and how to deal with them accordingly when it comes to management and treatment of their disease. Both of my patients spoke of their psychological and social aspects and how they thought these factors had affected their illness. Mrs W, for example often felt quite depressed and lonely as she recently divorced her husband, and due to her illness often felt too tired to see her grandchildren. She also explained how she felt useless?, as she would get tired grocery shopping and house cleaning and she would get frustrated with herself, which often made her feel worse. This highlights how illness can be affected by more than just a biological aspect, and as a Doctor it is important to recognize other factors that affect a patients life. In comparison to Mrs W, who quite openly spoke about her psychological and social problems, Mr H was much more reluctant to tell me how he felt about his illness and how it was affecting him. However, over time I felt that he became much more comfortable talking to me and we were able to build a good rapport. He later went on to explain how he felt he had to keep a bravado about himself, being an ex army sergeant and that he was embarrassed that he often felt severely depressed and stressed about his worsening condition, but felt that by standing his ground and refusing investigation he Mechanisms Of Granule Formation: Pharmaceutical Industry Mechanisms Of Granule Formation: Pharmaceutical Industry For the production of solid oral dosage forms most fine pharmaceutical compounds require granulation to improve their flowability and processing properties prior to tabletting.    http://www.pharmamanufacturing.com/articles/2008/096.html http://www.scribd.com/doc/6601180/Tablet-Granulation Tablets are the most common drug dosage form today, and thus granulation, which allows primary powder particles to adhere and form granules, is one of the most important unit operations in drug manufacturing. Understanding granulation grows more complex each year. This article reviews the most current methods and mechanisms of pharmaceutical granulation, including factors that can lead to improved control. Particle-bonding Mechanisms a) Adhesion and cohesion forces in immobile films. If sufficient liquid is present in a powder to form a thin, immobile layer, there will be an increase in contact area between particles. The bond strength between particles will increase, as the Van der Waals forces of attraction are proportional to the particle diameter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance of separation [1]. b) Interfacial forces in mobile liquid films. During wet granulation, liquid is added to the powder mix and distributed as films around and between the particles. There are three states of water distribution between particles. At low moisture levels, the pendular state, particles are held together by surface tension forces of the liquid/air interface and the hydrostatic suction pressure in the liquid bridge. ADVERTISEMENT On Pharma Blog Get the latest analysis and commentary on manufacturing and the drug industry at our editors blog. On Pharma looks at the drug industry with a special focus on manufacturing, which is coming into its own as a strategically important area. When all the air has been displaced from between the particles, the capillary state is reached, and the particles are held by capillary suction at the liquid/air interface. The funicular state represents an intermediate stage between the pendular and capillary states. Moist granule tensile strength increases about three times between the pendular and the capillary state. These wet bridges are, however, a prerequisite for the formation of solid bridges formed by adhesives present in the liquid, or by materials that dissolve in the granulating liquid. Solid bridges can be formed in two ways: Hardening binders. When an adhesive is included in the granulating solvent it forms liquid bridges, and the adhesive will harden or crystallize on drying to form solid bridges to bind the particles. Crystallization of dissolved substances. The solvent used to mass the powder during wet granulation may partially dissolve one of the powdered ingredients. When the granules are dried, crystallization of this material will take place and the dissolved substance then acts as a hardening binder. c) Attractive forces between solid particles. In the absence of liquids and solid bridges formed by binding agents, there are two types of attractive force that can operate between particles in pharmaceutical systems, electrostatic forces and Van der Waals forces. Van der Waals forces are about four orders of magnitude greater than electrostatic and add to the strength of granules produced by dry granulation. Mechanisms of Granule Formation a) Nucleation. Granulation starts with particle-particle contact and adhesion due to liquid bridges. A number of particles will join to form the pendular state. Further agitation densifies the pendular bodies to form the capillary state, and these bodies act as nuclei for further granule growth [2]. b) Transition. Nuclei can grow in two possible ways: either single particles can be added to the nuclei by pendular bridges, or two or more nuclei may combine. The combined nuclei will be reshaped by the agitation of the bed. This stage is characterized by the presence of a large number of small granules with a fairly wide size distribution. c) Ball Growth. If agitation is continued, granule coalescence will continue and produce an unusable, over-massed system, although this is dependent upon the amount of liquid added and the properties of the material being granulated [1]. There are four possible mechanisms of ball growth, which are illustrated in Figure 1 [3]: Coalescence. Two or more granules join to form a larger granule. Breakage. Granules break into fragments which adhere to other granules, forming a layer of material over the surviving granule. Layering. When a second batch of powder mix is added to a bed of granules, the powder will adhere to the granules, forming a layer over the surface and increasing the granule size. Abrasion Transfer. Agitation of the granule bed leads to the attrition of material from granules. This abraded material adheres to other granules. Granulation Methods  [4] Dry Granulation. This requires two pieces of equipment, a machine for compressing the dry powders into compacts or flakes, and a mill for breaking up these intermediate products into granules. The dry method may be used for drugs that do not compress well after wet granulation, or those which are sensitive to moisture. Wet Granulation. In this method, the wet mass is forced through a sieve to produce wet granules which are then dried. A subsequent screening stage breaks agglomerates of granules. Organic solvents are used when water-sensitive drugs are processed, as an alternative to dry granulation, or when a rapid drying time is required. Because direct compressing is not the best technology for many active substances, wet granulation is still a preferred method. Even if the active substance is sensitive to hydrolysis, modern equipment (e.g., a fluidized bed) eliminates all problems in wet granulation [2]. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/leptokurtic.asp Dawar Qhoraish (k0920236) Nazmul Islam (k) Introduction Granulation can be used to For the production of solid oral dosage forms most fine pharmaceutical compounds require granulation to improve their flowability and processing properties prior to tabletting.    Method and Materials The experiment was carried out as explained in PY2020A practical booklet, without any amendments. Paracetamol (25g), lactose (265g) and sodium starch glycollate (2.945g) and PVP solution 15% (30ml) was used. 1 Erweka AR402 oscillating granulator with the finer sieve was used to granulate the drug without too much force with variables of turns (rpm) and time (minutes). The machine had an emergency switch off button and safeguard on top which turns off machine when you put your hand in. Sieve shaker used was Retsch A5 200 basic was used to separate the particles into different sizes by vibration with variables of amplitude and speed. The top sieve was fixed by parallel bars with screws and bottom of sieves contained rubber bands to control any overflow and stability. Discussion Modal: Low so most particles are fine. (low) Relate to flow rate. Better flow rate. Small IQR-data close to each other. Positive skewness means more particles with finer particles, so flow rate is better. What Does Leptokurtic Mean? A description of  the kurtosis in a  distribution in which the  statistical value is positive. Leptokurtic distributions have higher peaks around the mean compared to normal distributions, which leads to thick tails on both sides. These peaks result from the data being highly concentrated around the mean, due to lower variations within observations. Limitations: 7.9% MC was lost after 45 minutes in 75oC oven compared to 9.51% in 130oC heater balance. Tray was exposed to air for different amount of periods each time, errors as tray was allowed to cool down. Not dried properly Granulators normally used for large quantities. If lubricant used, particle size would be higher. Improvements: More repeats, heat for longer and at high temperature.

Symbolism In Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie Essay -- Tennesse

Symbolism In Tennessee William's The Glass Menagerie   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Symbolism is a major aspect in Tennessee William's famous play, "The Glass Menagerie." On the surface, the short slice of life story seems to be simple. However, if the reader digs deeper they will find that there are several symbols that give the play a deeper meaning. Each character defines each symbol in a different way. Aside from character symbols, there is overall symbolism in this play. It is set in a memory, so it creates a soft, dream-like setting. This lends to the whole idea behind the play that the characters are unable to function in reality. "None of the characters are capable of living in the present. All of the characters retreat into their separate worlds to escape the brutalities of life." (Ross).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are some very noticeable symbols that have been analyzed many times since study has begun on "The Glass Menagerie." The first is the actual glass menagerie that represents the fragility of the Wingfield's dreamlike existence. The second is the fire escape, which reflects each character's tendency to escape from reality in their own ways. The third is the yellow dress, which represents youth and the past. The gentleman caller, Jim O'Connor, represents change and also hopes for the future, as well as a reflection of Amanda's past. Tom also has his own symbols of escape. He uses his poetry and the movies to run from his problems at home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Literary symbols can be both universal and conventional symbols that derive additional meanings through their use in a particular work." (Kirszner and Mandell pg. 245) The actual animal collection, or glass menagerie, symbolizes each character and the story. Like the glass animals, the character's realities are very fragile and in danger of being shattered. It is also as though the characters are stuck in glass, unable to move or change, also like the glass animals. They are inanimate, as the characters have learned to be to hide and escape from the pain that life has given them. Laura loves the glass animals because her family is like them. It will not take much, like Tom leaving, to shatter their whole world. Laura is symbolized by her fragile collection of glass animals, the glass menagerie. Her favorite animal is the unique unicorn. The unicorn is different because it has a horn. When Laura was in high school, she wore a b... ...r enrolled her in. She becomes physically ill when she thinks of leaving her protective shell of the apartment. When she does go to class, she throws up on the floor. When Jim comes over, she becomes faint. Then he breaks her unicorn's horn. In this moment, it is as though this trauma with Jim has desensitized Laura to her fear of the unknown. The reader can only hope that she gathers strength from this event, and she is able to get over her shyness and do something to better her chances for survival on her own. The change for Tom is less evident. He is classified as a "dreamer." In this new industrial world, there is little room for those who are not hard working and practical. Jim calls him Shakespeare, although he secretly laughs at him for being so whimsical as wanting to be a poet. Jim, on the other hand is a practical and loyal man. He has aspirations of love family, and success. That is why he cannot stay in the Wingfield dreamland, and leaves as quickly as he arrives there. The many symbols in "The Glass Menagerie" can be interpreted in several ways. These are just a few interpretations derived from reading the play and other essays that analyze "The Glass Menagerie."

Culture of Sri Lanka Essay

Ceylon Tea The culture of Sri Lanka has been influenced by many factors, but has managed to retain much of its ancient aspects. Mostly it has been influenced by its long history and its Buddhist heritage. The country has a rich artistic tradition, embracing the fine arts, including music, dance, and visual arts. The Sri Lankan lifestyle is reflected in the cuisine, festivals, and sports. South Indian influences are visible in many aspects. There is also some influences from colonization by the Portuguese, the Dutch, and the British. Sri Lankan culture is best known abroad for its cricket, food, holistic medicine, religious icons like the Buddhist flag, and cultural exports such as tea, cinnamon and gems. Sri Lankan culture is diverse, as it varies from region to region. Sri Lanka has had ties with Indian subcontinent from ancient times. Demographics: Sinhalese 74.8%, Sri Lankan Moors 9.23%, Indian Tamil 4.16%, Sri Lankan Tamil 11.21%, Other 0.6%. History Main article: History of Sri Lanka Sri Lanka boasts of a documented history of over 2000 years with the first stone objects dating back to 500,000 BC mainly due to ancient historic scriptures like Mahawansa Several centuries of intermittent foreign influence, has transformed Sri Lankan culture to the present outlook. Nevertheless ancient traditions and festivals are celebrated by mostly conservative Sinhalese people of the island, together with other minorities that make up the Sri Lankan identity. Visual arts A royal palace in Polonnaruwa. Frescoes at Sigiiriya. Architecture Main articles: Architecture of Sri Lanka and Architecture of ancient Sri Lanka See also: List of Sri Lankan architects The architecture of Sri Lanka displays a rich variety of architectural forms and styles. Buddhism had a significant influence on Sri Lankan architecture, since it was introduced to the island in 3rd Century BCE. However techniques and styles developed in Europe and Asia have also played a major role in the architecture of Sri Lanka. Ritigala Arts and crafts Gilded bronze statue of the Bodhisattva Tara, from the Anuradhapura period, 8th century. Many forms of Sri Lankan arts and crafts take inspiration from the Island’s long and lasting Buddhist culture which in turn has absorbed and adopted countless regional and local traditions. In most instances Sri Lankan art originates from religious beliefs, and are represented in many forms such as painting, sculpture, and architecture. One of the most notable aspects of Sri Lankan art are caves and temple paintings, such as the frescoes found at Sigiriya and religious paintings found in temples in Dambulla and Temple of the Tooth Relic in Kandy. Other popular forms of art have been influenced by both natives as well as outside settlers. For example, traditional wooden handicrafts and clay pottery are found around the hill country while Portuguese-inspired lacework and Indonesian-inspired Batik have become notable. Its has many different and beautiful drawings. Performing arts Traditional Sri Lankan harvesting dance. People in Sri Lanka love the performing arts. The main style of performance is Bollywood. Dance Main article: Dances of Sri Lanka See also: Kandyan dance Sri Lanka is famous around the Indian ocean for Kandyan dancing. Music Main article: Music of Sri Lanka The two single biggest influences on Sri Lankan music are from Buddhism and Portuguese colonizers. Buddhism arrived in Sri Lanka after the Buddha’s visit in 300 BC, while the Portuguese arrived in the 15th century, bringing with them cantiga ballads, the ukulele, and guitars, along with African slaves, who further diversified the musical roots of the island. These slaves were called kaffrinha, and their dance music was called baila. Traditional Sri Lankan music includes the hypnotic Kandyan drums – drumming was and is very much a part and parcel of music in both Buddhist and Hindu temples in Sri Lanka. Most western parts of Sri Lanka follow western dancing and music. Cinema Main article: Cinema of Sri Lanka The movie Kadawunu Poronduwa (The broken promise), produced by S. M. Nayagam of Chitra Kala Movietone, heralded the coming of Sri Lankan cinema in 1947. Ranmuthu Duwa (Island of treasures, 1962) marked the transition cinema from black-and-white to color. It in the recent years has featured subjects such as family melodrama, social transformation, and the years of conflict between the military and the LTTE. Their cinematic style is similar to the Bollywood movies. In 1979, movie attendance rose to an all-time high, but recorded a gradual downfall since then. Undoubtedly, the most influential and revolutionary filmmaker in the history of Sri Lankan cinema is Lester James Peiris, who has directed a number of movies which led to global acclaim, including Rekava (Line of destiny, 1956), Gamperaliya (The changing village, 1964), Nidhanaya (The treasure, 1970), and Golu Hadawatha (Cold Heart, 1968).There are many cinemas around Sri Lanka in city areas. Media and technology Radio and TV See also: Telecommunications in Sri Lanka Sri Lanka was introduced with many technologies. Lifestyle Cuisine Main article: Sri Lankan cuisine Kiribath with lunumiris The cuisine of Sri Lanka draws influence from that of India, especially from Kerala, as well as colonists and foreign traders. Rice, which is usually consumed daily, can be found at any special occasion, while spicy curries are favourite dishes for lunch and dinner. A very popular alcoholic drink is toddy or arrack, both made from palm tree sap. Rice and curry refers to a range of Sri Lankan dishes. Sri Lankans also eat hoppers (Aappa, Aappam), which can be found anywhere in Sri Lanka. Much of Sri Lanka’s cuisine consists of boiled or steamed rice served with spicy curry. Another well-known rice dish is kiribath, meaning milk rice. Curries in Sri Lanka are not just limited to meat or fish-based dishes, there are also vegetable and even fruit curries. A typical Sri Lankan meal consists of a â€Å"main curry† (fish, chicken, or mutton), as well as several other curries made with vegetable and lentils. Side-dishes include pickles, chutneys and â€Å"sambols† which can sometimes be fiery hot. The most famous of these is the coconut sambol, made of scraped coconut mixed with chili peppers, dried Maldivian fish and lime juice. This is ground to a paste and eaten with rice, as it gives zest to the meal and is believed to increase appetite. In addition to sambols, Sri Lankans eat â€Å"mallung†, chopped leaves mixed with grated coconut and red onions. Coconut milk is found in most Sri Lankan dishes to give the cuisine its unique flavor. As noted above many of Sri Lanka’s urban areas are host to American fast food corporations and many of the younger generation have started to take a liking to this new style of cuisine although it is rejected by many, particularly the more traditional elder members of the commu nity. Spices Sri Lanka has long been renowned for its spices. The best known is cinnamon which is native to Sri Lanka. In the 15th and 16th centuries, spice and ivory traders from all over the world who came to Sri Lanka brought their native cuisines to the island, resulting in a rich diversity of cooking styles and techniques. Lamprais rice boiled in stock with a special curry, accompanied by frikkadels (meatballs), all of which is then wrapped in a banana leaf and baked as a Dutch-influenced Sri Lankan dish. Dutch and  Portuguese sweets also continue to be popular. British influences include roast beef and roast chicken. Also, the influence of the Indian cooking methods and food have played a major role in what Sri Lankans eat. Sri Lankans use spices liberally in their dishes and typically do not follow an exact recipe: thus, every cook’s curry will taste slightly different. Furthermore, people from different regions of the island (for instance, hill-country dwellers versus coastal dwellers) traditionally cook in different ways. Sri Lankan cuisine is known to be among the world’s spiciest, due to the high use of different varieties of chili peppers referred to as amu miris (Chili pepper), kochchi miris, and maalu miris (Banana pepper) (capsicum) and in Tamil Milakaai, among others. It is generally accepted for tourists to request that the food is cooked with a lower chilli content to cater for the more sensitive Western palette. Food cooked for public occasions typically uses less chillie than food cooked in the home, the latter where the food is cooked with the chilli content preferable to the occupants. Tea culture Tea plantation near Kandy Being one of the largest producers of tea in the world, Sri Lankans drink a lot of tea.There are many tea factories around mountainous areas. Many Sri Lankans drink at least three cups a day. Sri Lanka is also one of the best tea-producing countries in the world and the Royal Family of the United Kingdom has been known to drink Ceylon tea. Tea is served whenever a guest comes to a house, it is served at festivals and gatherings or just for breakfast. Festivals and holidays New Year Main article: Sinhala and Tamil new year The Sinhala and Tamil new year (â€Å"Aluth Avurudhu† in Sinhala, â€Å"Puthiyathandu† in Tamil) is a very large cultural event on the island. The festival falls in April (also known as the month of Bak) when the sun moves from the Meena Rashiya (House of Pisces) to the Mesha Rashiya (House of Aries). Unusually, both the end of one year and the beginning of the next occur not at midnight but at separate times determined by astrologers with a period of some hours between (the â€Å"nona gathe† or neutral period) being a time where one is  expected to refrain from all types of work and instead engage solely in relaxing religious activities and traditional games. During the New Year, festivities both children and adults will often don traditional outfits. But the clothes must be washed and very clean because it should be southam (pure). List of holidays January Tuesday Duruthu Full Moon Poya Day (In honour of Lord Buddha’s first visit to Sri Lanka) *† # January Tamil Thai Pongal Day *† # 4 February Monday National Day *† # February Navam Full Moon Poya Day (The Buddha proclaims for the first time a code of fundamental ethical precepts for the monks) *† # March Thursday Maha Sivarathri Day *†  March Thursday Milad-Un-Nabi (Muhammad’s birthday) *†  March Medin Full Moon Poya Day (Commemorates the visit of The Buddha to his home to preach to his father King Suddhodana and other relatives) *† # March Friday Good Friday *†  13 April Day prior to Sinhala and Tamil New Year Day (the month of Bak) when the sun moves from the Meena Rashiya (House of Pisces) to the Mesha Rashiya (House of Aries) Sri Lankans begin celebrating their National New Year) *† # 14 April Sinhala and Tamil New Year Day *† # April Friday Additional Bank Holiday †  April Bak Full Moon Poya Day (commemorates the second visit of The Buddha to Sri Lanka) *† # 1 May Thursday May Day *† # May Vesak Full Moon Poya Day (The Buddhist calendar begins) *† # May Day following Vesak Full Moon Poya Day *† # June Poson Full Moon Poya Day (Commemorates the introduction of Buddhism to Sri Lanka) *† # July Esala Full Moon Poya Day (Commemorates the deliverance of the first sermon to the five ascetics and setting in motion the Wheel of the Dhamma by Buddha) *† # August Nikini Full Moon Poya Day (conducting of the first Dhamma Sangayana (Convocation)by Buddha) *† # September Binara Full Moon Poya Day (Commemorates The Buddha’s visit to heaven to preach to his mother and celestial multitude) *† # October Wednesday Id-Ul-Fitr (Ramazan Festival Day) *†  October Vap Full Moon Poya Day (King Devanampiyatissa of Sri Lanka sending envoys to King Asoka requesting him to send his daughter Arahat Sanghamitta Theri to Sri Lanka to establish the Bhikkhuni Sasana (Order of Nuns)) *† # October Monday Deepavali Festival Day *†  November Il Full Moon Poya Day (Celebrates the obtaining of Vivarana (the assurance of becoming a Buddha)) *† # December Tuesday Id-Ul-Adha (Hajj Festival Day) *†  December Monday Unduvap Full Moon Poya Day (Sanghamitta Theri established the Bhikkhuni Sasana (the Order of Nuns)) *† # 25 December Saturday Christmas Day *† # * Public holiday, †  Bank holiday, # Mercantile holiday All full-moon days are Buddhist holidays referred to as Poya. The actual date on which a particular Poya day will fall changes every year. Religion Main article: Religion in Sri Lanka See also: Hinduism in Sri Lanka, Buddhism in Sri Lanka and Islam in Sri Lanka A Hindu temple in Colombo Sri Lanka’s culture also revolves around religion. The Buddhist community of Sri Lanka observe Poya Days, once per month according to the Lunar calendar. The Hindus and Muslims also observe their own holidays. Sri Lankans are very religious because the history of the island has been involved with religion numerous times. There are many Buddhist temples in Sri Lanka associated with ancient times. The religious preference of an area could be determined by the number of religious institutions in the area. The North and the East of the island has several notable Hindu temples due to majority Tamil population reside in those areas and ethnic conflict has severely affected other communities living on these areas during the times of LTTE strife. Many churches could be found along the southern coast line because of former Roman Catholic or Protestant colonial heritage. Buddhists reside in all parts of the island especially down south and in upcountry and western seaboard. They are the largest religious group in Sri Lanka. Languages of Sri Lanka Main article: Languages of Sri Lanka While the Sinhalese people speak Sinhala as their mother tongue, the Tamil people speak Tamil. English is also widely spoken. Sinhala is spoken by about 16 million people in Sri Lanka, about 13 million of whom are native speakers. It is one of the constitutionally-recognized official languages of Sri Lanka, along with Tamil, which originates from South India. Sports Main article: Sport in Sri Lanka Cricket in Sri Lanka Sports plays a very big part in Sri Lankan culture, because the society was quite rich in educated people, therefore the people had found playing a sport is an important thing in life. Sri Lanka’s main sport is cricket. But after the age of Englishman’s cricket, being the most popular sport event in Sri Lanka. Every child in Sri Lanka knows how to play cricket, and there are many cricket fields scattered across the island for children and adults to play the sport. The biggest pastime of the Sri Lankan population, after cricket, is watching the Sri Lankan national team play cricket. It is common for businesses to shut down, when very big matches are televised. This was the case in 1996, when the Sri Lankan team beat Australia in the finals to win the Cricket World Cup. The whole country was shut down, although there was a curfew imposed upon the whole island. Cricket Main article: Cricket in Sri Lanka Cricket is the most popular sport in Sri Lanka. After the 1996 Cricket World Cup, triumph of the Sri Lanka national cricket team, the sport became the most watched event in the country. But in recent years, the politicians and the businessman getting into the sport has raised many concerns. Volleyball Volleyball is not a popular in Sri-Lanka, because Cricket is one of the popular sport in Sri-Lanka. Rugby Main article: Rugby in Sri Lanka National symbols Main articles: Flag of Sri Lanka, Coat of arms of Sri Lanka and Sri Lankan anthem This section requires expansion. (January 2012) Tourism Main article: Tourism in Sri Lanka This section requires expansion. (January 2012) World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka Anuradhapura Central Highlands Galle and its Fortifications Golden Temple of Dambulla Kandy Polonnaruwa Sigiriya Sinharaja Forest Reserve Sri Lankan people Sri Lankan literature Henry Parker (author), British engineer who studied and compiled the oral tradition of Sri Lanka. References 1. http://www.statistics.gov.lk/abstract2010/chapters/Chap2/AB2-13.pdf 2. http://bookonsrilanka.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/growing-up-white-in-south-asia.pdf 3. http://mahavamsa.org/ 4. â€Å"LANKALIBRARY FORUM †¢ View topic – Home and family in ancient and medieval Sri Lanka†. Lankalibrary.com. 2008-12-21. Retrieved 2012-06-29. External links [1] Volume 1, Volume 2 and Volume 3 of â€Å"Village Folk-tales of Ceylon† by Henry Parker (Public Domain) Sri Lanka a cultural profile Sri Lanka culture Cultural Festivals and Public Holidays in Sri Lanka

How do the Montagues and Capulets react to loss in Romeo and Juliet? Essay

Throughout Romeo and Juliet loss is abound, making the text relatable for modern and contemporary audiences. Loss is an ineluctable part of human life allowing audiences from any era to be able to sympathise with the characters and connect with them. Many people share the view that lord Capulet cared little for his daughter, not unusual In Elizabethan times, but I feel there is much evidence to the contrary, lord Capulet, loved his â€Å"only child†, Juliet. PROLOGUE Juliet’s supposed death evoked intense feeling of grief and guilt, clearly shown in the successful use of alliteration. Capulet is overwhelmed by grief, exclaiming â€Å"O child, O child! My soul and not my child!†. Throughout the text â€Å"O† is used to express characters grief. Capulet use of the repetition of â€Å"O† Portrays his shock to Juliet’s death and the grief he feels over it. Shakespeare uses â€Å"O† numerous times to express grief because it can portrayed differently by each actor depending on their interpretation of the character. In Capulets case either the actor thinks he is truly grieving over the death of his â€Å"only child† or he is exaggerating his reaction due to the presence of Paris. It can be interpreted this way because Capulet doesn’t use â€Å"O† when talking about his loss until Paris enters. As soon as Paris sees Juliet he immediately exclaims â€Å"O love! O life!†, Capulet then needs to outdo his reaction so that his love for Juliet is not questioned. Capulet is merely a misunderstood father as he truly grieves the death of his daughter although he neglects to show it to Juliet and the audience before her death. (effect on the audience) In Juliet’s â€Å"death† Capulet used a lot of imagery which serves to portray his emotions. He refers to her as the â€Å"sweetest flower† creating the image of how beautiful Juliet was. However as â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† is a play the audience would have already seen Juliet so it portrays his inner feelings. To Capulet Juliet was the prettiest and â€Å"sweetest† woman. Afterwards he says â€Å"she was a flower deflowered by him†. He no longer feels Juliet is his â€Å"flower† because death has tainted her and took it away, it has â€Å"deflowered† Juliet. Juliet is far too young to die in the night, arousing Capulets  suspicions that Juliet may have been involved. Thus, she is no longer his â€Å"flower† as she betrayed his trust as she is now unable to marry Paris. Capulet was extremely egar for Paris and Juliet to get married and even referred to it is as â€Å"our† wedding. The marriage to a relative of the prince would raise the social standing of the Capulets and hopefully remove them from the watchful eye of the prince. This is dramatic irony because the audience knows Juliet and Paris will never wed because then the Montagues and Capulets won’t be â€Å"alike in dignity† as the Capulets will be valued higher than the Montagues. Upon learning of Juliet’s death lord Capulet acknowledges his mistake of pushing her to marry Paris, insisting the feud cease. Lord Capulet immediately pleads to Montague, â€Å"O brother Montague, give thy hand. This is my daughter’s jointure, for no more can I demand†. Lord Capulet refers to Juliet’s â€Å"jointure† as being her death bed, voicing his regret and guilt for forcing her to marry Paris; he now understands why Juliet didn’t want to marry him. A jointure is something a woman agrees on in consideration of marriage, by calling Juliet’s death her jointure he admits that he wanted Juliet to marry Paris for reasons other than love. However this was common in Elizabethan times which is why they would sympathise with him unlike today’s audience who would not as arranged marriages are not a supported or common aspect in society. The acknowledgement of Montague as Capulets â€Å"brother† infers that he is aware of the marriage between Romeo and Juliet. When Capulet talks about the â€Å"jointure† he is thinking about his son in law, Romeo. Therefore, in order to honour Juliet he ends the feud between the families as he knows this is the only â€Å"jointure† that would have pleased Juliet. This shows evolution of character as he’s ended an â€Å"ancient† feud due to his grief over the loss of his daughter. In act 1 Capulet refers to Romeo as â€Å"a virtuous and well governed youth† supporting the idea that if he had known, Capulet would have approved the wedding between Romeo and Juliet. Thus, if Juliet had told him she could have lived a fulfilling life with Romeo. However as this play is a tragedy it requires the hero to die a tragic death due the (can’t remember the word) (Mercutio’s death), foreshadowing that this would never happen. On  the other hand he could call his former enemy â€Å"brother Montague† because he is suffering the same sorrow for the death of his only child thus, they are brothers in sorrow. Death lies on her like an untimely frost Upon the sweetest flower of all the field. (31-32) Visual lightness and darkness within the scene corresponds to the image of life and death facing Juliet. MY GRAVE IS LIKE MY WEDDING BED-FORESHADOWING Dead art thou! Alack, my child is dead, And with my child my joys are buried. hy camest thou now To murder, murder our solemnity?

Free Essays on Fredrick Douglass

Slavery Effects on the American People By his own accounts, Federick Douglass was born into slavery sometime in 1818.(p170) During the twenty years Douglass would endure the wrath of slavery, he would withstand and observe many different trials and tribulation that ultimately lead him to write about his story. In his story, Douglass not only tells how slave owners treated and mentally abused their slaves, but he also reveals how slavery effected not only the slave but the slave owners as well. Per Douglass, the goal of the slave industry, as a whole, was to destroy the spirit of the slaves. The owners would treat the slaves as if they were a common farm animals. This form of mental abuse would help to ensure that the owners would have authority and control over their slaves. But this was probably not the most damaging form of mental abuse. By preventing the slaves from learning to read or gaining any other form of learning, the owner also hindered the slaves from having any mental leverage against slavery. Douglass believed that learning to read was â€Å"The Pathway from slavery to freedom(974).† To further their control they would separate the young slaves from their mother to hamper the baby from forming a bond with her. Douglass would only see his mother a few times before she died and when he was told of her death he said â€Å"I received †¦ her death with much the same emotions I should have probably felt at the death of a stranger(p971).â⠂¬  These abuses were just the beginning of a long line of atrocities that the slave owners subjected their slaves to. Another form of mental, and physical, abuse was the practice of sleeping with the slave women. As a result, the slave owner was often both master and father of the slave child. Consequently, these children would sometimes suffer more abuse from the mistress. In most cases the mistress would put so much pressure on these children and her husband, that he w... Free Essays on Fredrick Douglass Free Essays on Fredrick Douglass On July 5th 1852, Frederick Douglass gave his speech, â€Å"The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro,† to a group of white abolitionist women in Rochester, New York. It tells a story of the history of slavery, about the barbaric traditions of the American nation. The speech talks about the equality of slaves to the white people in terms of manhood, and in the eyes of god. This writing has deep meaning and also carries a sense of symbolism. Fredrick Douglass wrote this political document to send a word out to the whites and make them think. He wanted to show the whites how the black slaves feel, think, and the many things that were taken away from them, not only physically but also emotionally. Douglass’s goal and purpose for writing this document is the hope to completely abolish slavery. He is hoping to make the whites stop and think about how wrong it is and to unite with one another. This document shows that the blacks or just people in general strongly value freedom and society. They believe that we all should be treated as one. Over the years, history has repaired itself. Blacks did not have the same freedoms and the rights as the whites. Now a day, blacks and whites seem equal to each other. They have the same freedoms and rights.... Free Essays on Fredrick Douglass Slavery Effects on the American People By his own accounts, Federick Douglass was born into slavery sometime in 1818.(p170) During the twenty years Douglass would endure the wrath of slavery, he would withstand and observe many different trials and tribulation that ultimately lead him to write about his story. In his story, Douglass not only tells how slave owners treated and mentally abused their slaves, but he also reveals how slavery effected not only the slave but the slave owners as well. Per Douglass, the goal of the slave industry, as a whole, was to destroy the spirit of the slaves. The owners would treat the slaves as if they were a common farm animals. This form of mental abuse would help to ensure that the owners would have authority and control over their slaves. But this was probably not the most damaging form of mental abuse. By preventing the slaves from learning to read or gaining any other form of learning, the owner also hindered the slaves from having any mental leverage against slavery. Douglass believed that learning to read was â€Å"The Pathway from slavery to freedom(974).† To further their control they would separate the young slaves from their mother to hamper the baby from forming a bond with her. Douglass would only see his mother a few times before she died and when he was told of her death he said â€Å"I received †¦ her death with much the same emotions I should have probably felt at the death of a stranger(p971).â⠂¬  These abuses were just the beginning of a long line of atrocities that the slave owners subjected their slaves to. Another form of mental, and physical, abuse was the practice of sleeping with the slave women. As a result, the slave owner was often both master and father of the slave child. Consequently, these children would sometimes suffer more abuse from the mistress. In most cases the mistress would put so much pressure on these children and her husband, that he w... Free Essays on Fredrick Douglass Frederick Douglass was born into slavery in 1817, in Tuckahoe, Maryland. Because his slave mother, Harriet Bailey, used to call him her "little valentine," he adopted February 14th as his birthday, not knowing the exact date of his birth. He knew very little about his mother since she was employed as a field hand on a plantation some twelve miles away, and she died when he was eight or nine years old. Douglass knew even less about his father, but it was rumored that he was the son of his White slave master, Aaron Anthony. Young Frederick was grossly mistreated. To keep from starving, on many occasions, he competed with his master's dogs for table scraps and bones. In 1825, he was sent to serve as a houseboy in the home of Hugh and Sophia Auld in Baltimore. Mrs Auld grew fond of him and sought to teach him to read and write. By the time her irate husband discovered the deed and put a stop to it, Douglass had acquired enough of the rudiments to carry on by himself. His life in Baltimore was interrupted in 1832 at the death of Captain Anthony. Frederick was passed along to the possession of Thomas Auld, Anthony's son-in-law. The lessons he learned about the evils of slavery and his hatred of the institution was deepened during his stay with Thomas Auld. He infuriated the Auld's by his refusal to call his owner "Master" instead of "Captain." Determined to crush the spirit of young Frederick, Thomas Auld hired him out to Edward Covey, a slave breaker who worked and whipped him mercilessly. He endured the mistreatment until one day he could stand it no longer and fought back. Soon thereafter, Fred was again sent to Baltimore, where he met Anna Murray. His love for and encouragement from Anna, a free Black woman, heightened his quest to be a free man. On September 3, 1838, Douglas, dressed in a sailor's uniform and carrying identification papers provided by a free Black seaman, managed to reach New York City. There he met David Rug...

Cyanide Poisoning From Apples, Peaches, Cherries

Cyanide Poisoning From Apples, Peaches, Cherries The weather is nice, so I was out looking at trees and shrubs to add to my garden. I noticed the tags on trees from the Prunus genus (cherries, peaches, plums, apricots, almonds) carried the warning that the leaves and other parts of the plant can be toxic if ingested. Thats true of other members of the rose family as well (large family which includes roses, but also apples and pears). The plants produce cyanogenic glycosides which can lead to cyanide poisoning in people and animals if enough of the compound is ingested. Some leaves and wood contain relatively high levels of the cyanogenic compounds. Seeds and pits from these plants also contain the compounds, though you need to chew several of the seeds to get a dangerous exposure. (This Letter to the Editor of American Family Physician cites references for fatalities from apple seeds and apricot kernels, in addition to other plants.) If you swallow the odd seed or two, dont be concerned. Your body is well-equipped to detoxify low d oses of cyanide. However, consult poison control if you suspect your child or pet (or farm animal) has eaten several seeds. If youre out camping and want sticks for roasting hotdogs and marshmallows, avoid using twigs from these plants.Apple Seeds Cherry Pits Are Poisonous | Drugs from PlantsPhoto: Darren Hester

Basant A Lost Festival Of Lahore English Literature Essay

Basant A Lost Festival Of Lahore English Literature Essay Basant, an event that marks the coming of spring, an event that would bring together people from all walks of life, an event that would cover the sky with colors, an event that would spread happiness ubiquitously. It was celebrated with a lot of vigor, passion and enthusiasm in Punjab, but unfortunately this vibrant and full of cheerfulness festival is becoming more of an historic event due to some unwise acts on part of illiterate, ignorant and reckless citizens. The ignorance of few has snatched away the happiness of million others and deprived the country of a great cultural festival. Basant is a centuries old cultural tradition of Punjab. Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs, all alike, celebrated it with great joy and gusto. Yellow is the color of the day as it depicts the blossoming spring flowers and the yellow mustard fields of Punjab. Girls would wear yellow saris and dupattas whereas boys would include yellow turbans in their clothing. There are no barriers of religions or different socio-economic class; everyone would get together and praise the day. Girls would get on the swings and sing the customary Basant songs that reflected the liveliness and romance of life in Punjab. Kite-flying was one of the main activities on the day and there would be competitions among people to cut loose others’ kites. There cant be a better place to celebrate this day than the cultural and historic capital of Punjab, Lahore. It is also known as extremely festive and the most happening city of Pakistan. During the February of almost every year the sky above Lahore is filled with colorful kites during daytime and with white kites at night. Words like Booo Kata, Patang, Pecha, Pinna and Charkhi can be heard almost everywhere. Music and dance is everywhere and the air is filled with the aroma of intoxicating traditional food. Everyone is involved in this festival and all enjoy the spectacle of hundreds of multi-colored kites filling the sky above their beloved city of Lahore heralding the coming of a new spring. In the early days Basant was confined to the old-walled city, however over recent past it has spread to far corners of the city as well. People from different places celebrate this day in their unique style; some do it by flying kites while others get together and enjoy traditional food and bhangra music. While I was researching about Basant in Gwalmandi (area near old food street), I interviewed this young lad about the age of 15. I asked him what do you know about basant. He replied..† jab hum patangein uratay hein..† (the day when we fly kites). When I asked him about his preparations for that day, I was surprised to hear about his passion. He told me that he would start saving money from his pocket money 2-3 months before Basant. He would use those savings to buy kites and strings and collect them until the day of Basant. It is celebrated with great joy in Lahore, as Daily Times states:

Essay/short answers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

/short answers - Essay Example The war integrates the constitutional and agrarian plebeian’s demands. Marcus Furius Cammillus, the conservative Patrician leader viewed the law as possible concession. The law is initiated towards the end of the 375 BCE anarchy periods. In the period, there were no elected or legitimate chief magistrates at Rome. Several constitutional aspects attempted to address the legitimacy of the chief magistrates, and also ensure more power to the plebeians (Walter 38). The agrarian aspects of the compromise illustrated higher form than substance, and hence were easily evaded. The year immediately after the compromise, saw a plebeian express interest in the consul. Majority of the historians illustrate that this is the initial time plebeians were allowed to work as consuls. The Lucinio-Sextian law also handled the economic demand of the Plebeians. The Consulship opening to Plebeians is the main reason for the 366 BCE concessions that developed both Praetorship and Curule Aedileship, which was open to only the Patricians. The Punic Wars entailed three wars that took place between 264BC and 146BC, from Rome to Carthage. The wars were the largest during that historical period. The main reason for the Punic Wars involved the conflicting interest between the Carthaginian Empire and also the Roman Republic which was expanding at high rates. The main interest of the Romans greatly depended on the expansion through Sicily, which was a strategic cultural melt point. A huge portion of Sicily was under the control of the Carthaginian authorities. The beginning stages of the Punic War illustrated Carthage as the dominant authority in Western Mediterranean, controlling a huge maritime empire. Rome was continuously dominating power in Italy; however, it did not possess the naval power that was illustrated by the Carthage (Bradley 97). During the final stages of the Punic Wars, Rome too effective control of the Carthage Empire, entirely destroyed Carthage

Guide Lines for Selecting a Career Personal Statement

Guide Lines for Selecting a Career - Personal Statement Example Career choice is one of the most important decisions in anyone's life, and yet countless young people enter careers that later prove to be wholly unsuitable. Even today most young people have no way to find out if a particular career would really suit them. Decisions that are central to future happiness and success are therefore very often being taken in the dark. Hence young people can take advice from older people in their family or can look at examples; that is people who have achieved success in their desired career. It also happens that halfway through their career people realize this was never meant for them. All this is part of life but there are also people who successfully achieve their target careers and are successful in them. Its necessary to adopt a career that u have an interest in. The reason being that a person who selects a career of his interest is more dedicated to his profession. One of the greatest misfortunes in life is to be superior at something you don't like. You may be skillful in mathematics, but you may hate it. You may be proficient public relations communicator, busy interacting with people every minute of the day but my love life of isolation and meditation. In order to be able to select the right career, one has to reflect, analyze, know one's inner self, and be able to clearly differentiate between what one is good at (proficiency, competence) and what you like and want to do in life (interests, principles). The first thing to do is to build up a concept of the person you would like to be. Let your personal sense of right and wrong be your guide and resist enticement and pressures from elders and peers. Choosing a job you like which is not in clash with your values and lets you apprehend your full individuality and creative potential will enable you to achieve a sense of completion. It is recommended to interact with career counselors and in par ticular near and dear ones such as parents and peers, and elders, and taking their suggestions. Read some good books on career guidance and take a few career tests. A person can either visit a career counselor or psychologist who will administer relevant tests to him/her. Or try online tests. The role of my father's firm is to manufacture and sell electric generators. In reference to the work, I can adopt two educational lines in the future that can help me become the head of the firm. The first one is of getting a degree in Electrical Engineering and the second option is doing a Masters in Business Administration. After studying both critically the first option is not as agreeable and suitable as the second one. The second option can give me a better all-round knowledge about how to run an organization, which things to check and how to manage the resources. The first option restricts me to the technicality of the job. Having talked about this I will come to my college and high school responsibilities. I will have an open choice until my high school in the matter of my professional career, but things will start to take a certain direction as I enter my college. From my college, my aim towards my professional goal would start to clear up and I will start to go in details o f managing a business.  

Gender and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gender and Culture - Essay Example This tendency was mostly drawn from the ancestral parents who used to be disciplinarians on their families. Through the frequent harsh and physical punishments, in the later days, the children develop to be resilient to their parents. The children normally have no right of negotiation but to follow their parents’ instructions (Shaw & Tuch, 2007).   The African Americans mostly use commands and punishments in order to instill discipline on their kids as compared to counseling and negotiations like the majority of other ethnic parents. Child beating is usually seen as the appropriate way of correcting the child in case of disobedience, than just talking. These methods originate from the ancient beliefs of instilling independence among the children, molding spiritual wellbeing, emphasis on the extended and family relationships, self racial pride and perseverance in times of hardships (Shaw & Tuch, 2007).   However, most of the defiant children come from the African American families. That can clearly be proved by relatively high numbers of them receiving social support from friends and extended families and high numbers of the homeless children. Despite the setbacks and no matter how wealthy the African American parents are, they still push their kids to achieve more. Through the tough love, the children learn to be emotionally strong even in times of hardships (Shaw & Tuch, 2007).   The extended family may live within the family and they may give discipline or care when situation arises. It is reported that the African American children are twice as much likely to be raised by an extended family, grandparent or single parent due to the frequent cases of divorce among the black families. Grandmothers are the frequent care givers for the abandoned or runaway children. The runaway children usually escape the violence or brutal treatment within the family. This can depict the dysfunctions

Multi-culturalism and the new regionalism in Southeast Asia (or ASEAN) Essay

Multi-culturalism and the new regionalism in Southeast Asia (or ASEAN) - Essay Example Economic integration can be replicated in the political field but true growth of regionalism will come about through a coagulation of regional identities. Multiculturalism can contribute to creation of common identities and can thus provide a strong bond for the sustained growth of regionalism. The impact of multiculturalism in fostering regionalism and growth of ASEAN will thus form the central theme of this research. A realist approach with thorough analysis of data and study of primary as well as secondary sources will be adopted to arrive at specific answers to the key research questions. The rigorous approach thus adopted is expected to bring about a greater understanding of the phenomenon of multiculturalism in the specific context of South East Asian regionalism. The modern world is increasingly regionalized and globalized. This is posing greater challenges for individuals and nation states. Some of these are resulting in a clash of identities between individuals and states. Multiculturalism attempts to reduce these fault lines by bringing people closer together to melt different cultures and identities. Regionalism provides a geographical and political dimension to multiculturalism. However regionalism does not naturally imply assimilation of cultures. Multiculturalism needs stronger roots and deeper commitments than regionalism. Association of South East Asian Nations or ASEAN has emerged as an enduring regional phenomenon. It is a political and economic confederation based on the needs to protect and project economic and political power of the resurgent economies of South East Asia, such as Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. Multiculturalism can also form a strong glue to bind together the people of ASEAN. Though it will be a long a slow p rocess, a multicultural ASEAN society would be far more homogeneous than it is today, thereby enabling peace and prosperity in the region more consistently.

CLA L9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CLA L9 - Essay Example However, the stage in girls may be referred to as the Electra complex where girls also show the same erotic desires to their fathers. Feud argued that stage typically came to an end when the child when the child identified with the parent of similar sex and suppressed its sexual drives. In case the previous relations with the parents were reasonably affectionate and nontraumatic. Moreover, in case the parental insolences were neither exceptionally exorbitant nor extremely stimulating, the stage is passed through amicably (Young, 2001). However, in case there is trauma, infertile neurosis that is a significant indication of same reactions throughout the child’s adult life. The sense of right and wrong, the moral factor that controls the conscious adult mind, also originates in the same stage in life. Freud partook the reactions against the Oedipus complex the utmost significant social attainments of the human mind. It clearly relates to the original classical myth where Oedipus murders his father unwittingly and then takes possession the mother. Just like in the case there is a desire between the male Oedipus with the mother. That confers to the concepts of the Oedipus complex. Besides that, his killing of the father also demonstrates the hatred feeling that exists between the father and the boy. However, the argument may be disputed depending on the age of the boy since Oedipus complex occurs at the ages of four and five. The stage is very important since it acts as an imperative stage for the development of the sexual identity to these children. The child comes to realize the difference between the mother and the father (Young, 2001). At that stage the child acquires his or her gender. They gain self-identity in the society and try to discover more of him. The child tries to acknowledge that he is a boy and the erotic desires compel him to get attracted to the opposite sex. The sex

Gender and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gender and Culture - Essay Example This tendency was mostly drawn from the ancestral parents who used to be disciplinarians on their families. Through the frequent harsh and physical punishments, in the later days, the children develop to be resilient to their parents. The children normally have no right of negotiation but to follow their parents’ instructions (Shaw & Tuch, 2007).   The African Americans mostly use commands and punishments in order to instill discipline on their kids as compared to counseling and negotiations like the majority of other ethnic parents. Child beating is usually seen as the appropriate way of correcting the child in case of disobedience, than just talking. These methods originate from the ancient beliefs of instilling independence among the children, molding spiritual wellbeing, emphasis on the extended and family relationships, self racial pride and perseverance in times of hardships (Shaw & Tuch, 2007).   However, most of the defiant children come from the African American families. That can clearly be proved by relatively high numbers of them receiving social support from friends and extended families and high numbers of the homeless children. Despite the setbacks and no matter how wealthy the African American parents are, they still push their kids to achieve more. Through the tough love, the children learn to be emotionally strong even in times of hardships (Shaw & Tuch, 2007).   The extended family may live within the family and they may give discipline or care when situation arises. It is reported that the African American children are twice as much likely to be raised by an extended family, grandparent or single parent due to the frequent cases of divorce among the black families. Grandmothers are the frequent care givers for the abandoned or runaway children. The runaway children usually escape the violence or brutal treatment within the family. This can depict the dysfunctions

CLA L9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CLA L9 - Essay Example However, the stage in girls may be referred to as the Electra complex where girls also show the same erotic desires to their fathers. Feud argued that stage typically came to an end when the child when the child identified with the parent of similar sex and suppressed its sexual drives. In case the previous relations with the parents were reasonably affectionate and nontraumatic. Moreover, in case the parental insolences were neither exceptionally exorbitant nor extremely stimulating, the stage is passed through amicably (Young, 2001). However, in case there is trauma, infertile neurosis that is a significant indication of same reactions throughout the child’s adult life. The sense of right and wrong, the moral factor that controls the conscious adult mind, also originates in the same stage in life. Freud partook the reactions against the Oedipus complex the utmost significant social attainments of the human mind. It clearly relates to the original classical myth where Oedipus murders his father unwittingly and then takes possession the mother. Just like in the case there is a desire between the male Oedipus with the mother. That confers to the concepts of the Oedipus complex. Besides that, his killing of the father also demonstrates the hatred feeling that exists between the father and the boy. However, the argument may be disputed depending on the age of the boy since Oedipus complex occurs at the ages of four and five. The stage is very important since it acts as an imperative stage for the development of the sexual identity to these children. The child comes to realize the difference between the mother and the father (Young, 2001). At that stage the child acquires his or her gender. They gain self-identity in the society and try to discover more of him. The child tries to acknowledge that he is a boy and the erotic desires compel him to get attracted to the opposite sex. The sex

Why Althetes Use Ste Roids Essay Example for Free

Why Althetes Use Ste Roids Essay There are two stories that we read that talked about Performance Enhancing Drugs. One was â€Å"Cheating and Cheating † by Joe Posnanski, the other was â€Å"We, the Public the Best Athletes on Pedestals† by William Moller. Both of these stories explain in great detail on how using these drugs are wrong and change any game you play but mostly baseball. Joe Posnanski talks about how in baseball around Babe Ruth’s era nobody had used steroids and they are now called the greatest players of all time including Babe, Ted Williams, Honus Wagner, and Mickey Mantle. Three of these players we on the Yankees. He explains how they didn’t need to use drugs to make their stats better. They worked day in and day out on becoming a better ball player. William Moller explains how A-rod used them because he taught he needed to be the best player in the game from the contract by the New York Yankees. He also explains how there are other was of cheating such as when he was in a school he used Ritalin to stay up and study for a test when he was already beginning his third straight all nighter. There are other drugs then this though. Such as what kids use in college called Adderall. This is the same goal as Ritalin. Except doesn’t have much side effects. This drug makes you focus more then you have ever done before. This is prescribed to people who have add. This can help people get a paper done is under an hour if they can type fast enough. Another side effect is that it is very addictive. You may want to use it the next day because of all the work you’ve done. This is not a drug but it can be counted from what it does. This is called Niacin, and its included into Vitamin B. This helps clear an athlete’s body from drugs. It doesn’t help as prescribed drugs, but it can still do the job. This makes it so athletes cannot be caught if they do take drugs. People need to realize that things like this are available for an athlete. Even though there is no possible way to take this out they need to find a way to see if they have taken this to help them pass the test. â€Å"The Mitchell Report† made a significant impact on the MLB. This report stated that when released in 07’ eighty-nine players were convicted in using steroids or drugs. Bud Selig came to George Mitchell in 06’ asking him to see who used illegal substances. In this report there were many very famous players including Barry Bonds, Jose Conseco, and Roger Clemens. He changed baseball for the better by doing this even though there is still illegal activity in this sport. A way Bud Selig the commissioner for the MLB has stopped this from happening is make players have a 50 game suspension. Well-known names are Manny Ramirez, Ryan Braun (who appealed later and was reversed), and also Melky Cabrera from the San Francisco Giants. He at that time was leading the league in Batting Average, and was a great player who brought the team down after what had happened. Some fans believe that players should use steroids so they can hit those 500-foot bombs, or steal as many bases they can get. They think that it shouldn’t matter because of how much they get paid for. But what they don’t know is what these drugs do to their body. Some athletes still want to have a family and live a normal life once they retire. But these drugs can affect them by not being able to produce for a family. Other fans believe that if players do these drugs then that hurts the sport, and doesn’t show how athletes really play. Records would be broken repeatedly, and the sport would lose fans left and right. They think they can get stronger and stay healthy like any other person does like eating well and lifting weights. A great question to ask is should athletes who used performance-enhancing drugs be allowed in the Hall of Fame? Jim Bunning states this in the us news article, â€Å"Major League Baseball must set an example so that children and young athletes dont see steroids as a way to get ahead of the competition. If a player is caught using banned substances in an effort to break records set by players who achieved them through honest hard work, I think those numbers should be expunged from the record books. There is no place for cheaters in the Hall of Fame.† This is a great statement because in a couple of years the â€Å"steroids era† is going to become eligible for voting. This year Mark McGuire was elected when he was an athlete who used steroids, and while Jeff Bagwell leads in careers HBP (Hit By Pitches) didn’t get accused once. People who had to vote on this ballot had to think about weather someone accused should be inducted. Another view of athletes who use steroids and other drugs could be gamblers. They could argue that a game was not fair because an athlete cheated. Which could cause a massive eruption due to so many athletes being accused. Think of how much an average bet is, could be around $100. So if there was 20 bets placed on one game that totals to $2000 on one game, and if someone cheats why should someone lose their money over it? Some athletes must use steroids though. Lance Armstrong battled cancer for multiple years. Without this drug he might of died and nobody would say he was the best cyclist in the world. They wouldn’t on been able to watch him over these years. But why should he be stripped of his accomplishments? In the Washington Post his attorney Robert Luskin says, â€Å"They don’t unilaterally have the authority because they didn’t award them,† also â€Å"an endless game of whack-a-mole.† why would someone want to take away something an athletes been working for their whole life while battling cancer? How does steroids even affect your body? Some male athletes might not be able to start a family after taking this drug. Also they can enlarge breasts and shrink testicles. It cant stunt your growth, loss of hair, and have oily skin and very bad acne. You can get a stroke or a heart attack at a very young age; have high blood pressure and also very high levels of bad cholesterol. My opinion is that if an athlete has a serious illness or injury there can take steroids to bring them back into action, or use any other drug that could help. But not when they are playing. Why would you want to risk what that does to your body to get an extra base or a hit? They need to learn that some things need to be achieved by doing hard work, and not by cheating yourself and getting ahead of many other players. There is to much risk of side effects then to help raise your chance at an extra salary. Play the game right and play it safe!