Similarities And Differences Between Sport And Physical Education Essay

Similarities And Differences Between Sport And Physical Education Essay Introduction Throughout this essay I will identify the definition for both sport and physical education, implementing my own interpretation. I will also explain the differences and similarities between them. My research will be based largely on the affect physical activity has on school children. I aim to concentrate my research on the method of teaching PE and sports, introducing both linear and non-linear pedagogy. Finally, I will conclude with my own understanding of my findings and where I feel research should be continued in order to ensure both PE and sports is an active part of every childs life, especially after leaving school. Sport v PE Classifying the definition of sport is not as simple as it seems. Research states, an athletic activity requiring skill or physical prowess and often of a competitive nature, as racing, baseball, tennis, golf, bowling, wrestling, boxing, hunting, fishing, etc. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sport). This is true, however, there is a lot more to it that just skill and competition. Although rules are a major part of sport, making it sound more serious, it can also be fun and entertaining. Physical skill is a key advantage in playing sport, however lets not forget that most sports also require mental skill for strategic planning. The most important aspect of sport is having fun with the added bonus of maintaining a good fitness level. The term sport comes from the old French desport which means leisure. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport. Physical Education is Training in the development of and care for the human body; stresses athletics; includes hygiene. http://www.wordwebonline.com/en/PHYSICALEDUCATION. It is a taught course taken during primary and secondary education that encourages psychomotor learning in a play or movement exploration setting. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_education. In the UK, Physical Education classes are compulsory in school until approximately age 16. As well as learning basic sporting skills, the curriculum also pays attention to health and fitness. My first recollection of PE at School was playing pirates in the school gym which involved running around on sporting apparatus being chased. PE is not always being taught the obvious sporting game such as football, hockey, etc. Its aim is to enhance an individuals progress through a variety of activities, which will boost their confidence level; hence my pirate game vastly improved my agility skills. As the student progresses, leaders hip skills are incorporated into the programme as well as being encouraged to be player independent in their decision-making. The most obvious similarity between sport and PE is that they both involve physical activity. Physical health benefits are gained by taking part in regular physical activity, whether that is during school hours (PE lessons), an extra-curriculum activity, or playing for a local club. Research shows that children who participate frequently in physical activity will reduce their chances of acquiring certain ailments such as diabetes and obesity, therefore improving their quality of life. However, other benefits such as affective and social are also gained. Research suggests that affective development is now evident with children. One of the main signs of this is a childs self-esteem that grows stronger when partaking in physical activity. Research show that stress, anxiety and depression, can also be significantly reduced with regular exercise. Probably the most important aspect of both sport and PE is social benefit. Whether you are playing football with a few friends or in a controlle d PE lesson, it is evident that this is a major part of a childs social learning skills. Anti-social behaviour is frowned upon and, to fit in, children tend to conform to the norm. Also, for an introvert child, communication though activity can help dramatically improve their interaction with other children outside of sports and PE and this has a knock-on affect with their affective skills also (Bailey, 2006). However, there may be implications. For example, we are assuming that pupils are enjoying the physical activity and are good at it. What if a child suffers with ability and/or may be teased by other school children for their lack of coordination? This may cause the child to become introvert and depression and anxiety could occur. Although PE has a positive effect for most, this concern needs to be considered carefully when planning PE lessons at school. However, sport is more about being competitive and winning medals and trophies. Although PE can be competitive, teachers introduce fair play; ensuring teams are equally balanced, whether that is by age, sex, and/or ability. However, in sports, the best players are selected for the clubs first team and those with less skill will be placed in a lower performing side. Sport is voluntary and the number of participants can vary from club to club, but the size of group/team can be adapted to suit the requirements of a match. However, PE is compulsory in schools and classes can be vast, this can cause problems for the teacher when applying rules and instructions, especially given that a proportion of children do not want to partake and may be unruly. Within sports there are leagues and competitions, involving officials and a fixture secretary and each club concentrates on one particular sport. However, the chosen activity for a particular PE lesson is usually decided by the teacher and can vary from lesson to lesson. This decision can also depend on the environmental conditions and equipment available to that school. For example, it is difficult for a school in the centre of London to partake in an outdoor adventure activity, as there are no local amenities to support this and some inner city schools dont have the funds to purchase expensive equipment. Linear and non-linear pedagogy The basic skills of PE are learned during a childs school years. This is normally taught using linear pedagogy, a more traditional method. Once the basics are learnt, a pupil may wish to expand on this skill and join a particular sport they excel in. This is where further, more advanced coaching, takes place and in my experience, a more non-linear pedagogy approach is implemented. Linear pedagogy is teacher centred, instructional, technique-based and practiced method. This style is more advantageous in schools than clubs, where, due to enormous class sizes, it is easier for the teacher to maintain control of the class. However, there are problems with this approach. For example, in my school-day experience, in order for skills to be learned, the teacher would use drills to demonstrate a technique and it was a luxury to play a game. This was a disappointment to my peers and me. Tactics were rarely mentioned therefore my decision-making was poor. Non-linear pedagogy leans more towards the Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) way of teaching where it is player centred, involving engaging an individual in being encouraged to think for themselves in both tactical and technical aspects (Thorpe and Bunker 1989). Its major advantage it that it is designed to guide players to become independent in their decision-making. For example, a typical training session may involve a short modified game to identify the teams failings. Drill sessions would then take place to strengthen these weaknesses. After the drills, another game would be played to implement the new skill, using their own thoughts. The coach encourages player independence by applying strategies to match an individual players game, therefore improving their decision-making throughout a game (Light, 2006). The main problem with linear pedagogy is that it can be strict and disciplined, almost military style, therefore enjoyment, which should be a major factor, is low on the list of achievements and participating in both PE and sport should definitely achieve this. Lessons become predictable and children tend to pay less attention due to boredom, therefore not much learning will take place. Also, too much structure wont allow those with less ability to achieve the aimed outcome and, instead, may become stressed at their inability to master the skill. This could also damage their confidence. By not allowing children to think for themselves, it reduces their scope of learning and their tactical skills will be limited. Non-linear pedagogy is not without its faults. At school level, it may lack adequate theoretical teaching from a motors learning perspective. Receiving little instruction from the teacher can result in the child not being able to make the correct decision. It is very difficult to measure whether or not the children are learning anything and it can look a lot like chaos (Mack, et al, 2000). Conclusion Taking into consideration the research and my own interpretation, it is encouraging to see that both PE and sports has a positive affect on majority of children. However, my findings highlight the need for schools to reconsider their method of teaching PE. Other less traditional styles should be implemented to enhance the enjoyment of the lesson, which may encourage children to continue their interest in extra-curriculum sporting activities and perhaps join sporting clubs upon leaving school. This will then increase the number of potential elite athletes. Further research needs to be undertaken to investigate the effects of social behaviour in children. For example, how does participating in PE and sports help reduce crime rate? What can the government do to ensure people from deprived areas are given more opportunities to partake in sport? Overall, any type of physical activity should be a part of everyones lifestyle. Although playing sport is more of an individual choice, it is vital that PE remains a compulsory part of the curriculum at schools as this is the grass roots encouragement they require to continue in their enjoyment and progress to playing sport after leaving school. Reference list: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sport http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Physical+education Ones I have not used yet: http://www.tgfu.org/taskforce/index.htm http://www.citejournal.org/vol1/iss1/currentissues/english/article1.htm http://www.suite101.com/content/teaching-breathing-exercises-for-singing-a146136 http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5002249790 http://www.bmj.com/content/327/7415/592.full

Ibsens A Dolls House being Dated Essay -- A Dolls House Henrik Ibse

Ibsen's A Doll's House being Dated To answer the above, one needs to be aware of when the drama was first written (1879) and how audiences were shocked at Ibsen's radical perception of the social roles of husband and wife in middle class society at that time. The role of middle class women at that time was simple, they bore children and kept house in a very clear manner, albeit with the aid of a housekeeper or maid. They were subservient to men and were considered accoutrements and playthings. This comes across very strongly in the manner that Torvald Helmer addresses Nora. The main thrust of the play has a lot to do with gender relations in modern society. It offers us, in the actions of Nora, a strengthening of the view of women struggling to overcome a society governed wholly by men resistant to change. Although this has changed dramatically since, there are still many corners of society nowadays that still cling to this belief and ethic. What was radical the case of this play was that Ibsen chose to bring this into the open. My first impression of Nora was that she was a shallow figure, that she was a selfish, self indulgent manipulative person with not a care in the world. We see as the play progresses that this is not the case and her personality changes to reveal someone very different. The will to 'do right' by her husband becomes evident as the play unfolds. We learn that life then was very much the same as today, in that middle class life was, in the main, affluent and agreeable, but only for those that could operate within it successfully. For those who couldn't life was brutal and unforgiving. We see that the Helmers are looking forward to life being even more comfortable once Torv... ...n truly happy, she had only experienced fun. That she had finally lost her love for him because of his reaction to Krogstadt's letter outlining the dishonesty in obtaining the loan. 'No man can be expected to sacrifice his honour, even for the person he loves' he exclaims. 'Millions of women have' she retorts. She leaves, the play closes. What I gather from the play, the only clue to the age is that of some of the dialogue. I don't think the theme is dated at all. Consider, the need for social standing, still as potent today as then. Consider the political manoeuvrings, surrounding position in the workplace, very much still in place today. Consider the power of seduction and finally, the strength of character a woman needs to stand up for what she feels is right even to her own detriment. Very powerful, very thought provoking and very, very enjoyable.

Case Analysis †Giant Consumer Products Essay

1)Using data in Exhibits 1 & 4 develop solution templates in Exhibit 3 for Sanchez. From the table above, it is clear that the impact of a promotion cannot be considered in isolation. On the whole, the promotion has resulted in a loss instead of a profit for the Dinardo range of products. Considered in isolation a promotion on Dinardo 32 may look attractive but overall it’s a loss-making proposition. 2)Do you advise Sanchez to run a national sales promotion? If so, which one of the items the funds be allocated: Dinardo 32, dinardo 16 or natural meals? Sanchez can run a sales promotion for Natural meals. This is the only profitable option as can be seen from Solution template Part-3 in the table above. 3)Prepare Sanchez for additional strategic/ tactical questions that he anticipates from Flatt given at the end of case. a)The promotion of Natural Meals would be a win for FFD, the retailer as well as the consumer. FFD gains due to a positive increase in marketing margin due to the promotion. For the retailer, the benefit will be on account of the increased spending by FFD for promotional activities. The margins on Natural Meals are higher for retailers and an increase in volumes would directly have a positive impact on retailers’ revenues. The consumer benefits due to the reduced prices from the promotion. b)FFD should go with the pay for performance approach for promotion of Natural Meals. The price on the box of the product should not be reduced and instead a discount must be offered at the time of billing. The retailer should then be reimbursed for the discounts offered to customers. This would help retain the premium positioning of FFD’s products and avoid customers from looking at the products to be available at a deal during subsequent purchases.

Believing God

My parents thought me Christian values and Christian ethics and they sent me to a Catholic school during my childhood that's why I grew up believing that there is really a God. There are always obstacles in life that makes one another question if there is a God out there. I had personal experiences that there is God's presence. One question, why do we pray? To whom do we pray? I think this is the best way to see the presence of God. We pray because we believe in God. The Muslims, Buddhist, Christians, etc. may have different Gods but they believe that there is a God. God's presence for me is when I pray.Every night, before I go to bed, I always pray for the safety and health of my family and friends. When I wake up and knew everybody is okay, I also pray to thank Him for answering my prayer. Every morning, I already feel His presence inside me. Also, when I'm feeling sad and depressed, I always ask His guidance and help to resolve my problems. Blessed, He answered my prayers and most of my problems were resolved. I think we all have different types of relationship with God. Another example about the presence of God is about what my grandmother(who lived with us for 16yrs) told me when she was sick and diagnosed with stage 4 ancer.She told me that every night, every time she sleeps, she always dream of his husband, dead relatives, or sometimes an unknown man calling her. One time, she told me that she dreamed that she was in the sky and an unknown man is calling her to go with her. She told that He was God. Maybe she didn't go with Him many times because she knew that we are not yet ready to let her go with her Creator. For how many days have passed and we told her that we are ready to accept whatever happens, she Joined with her Creator. With her story, I really felt the presence of God and my faith in Him grew stronger. Another influence is from my parents.We celebrate a lot of Christian events. For example, the Holy Week. Our family do Visita Inglesia during Holy Weeks and we do the Stations of the Cross to know more about the story of God's son, Jesus. I think this influence also helped me to really believe in There are also times that I feel the absence of God. Every time I fail to achieve something, I always blame God. For example, recently I took the BSA Qualifying Exam. not pass the exam. I was so depressed during those times and thought to myself where is God during those times. After how many days, I still pray to him to help me ith my decisions in life and He answered my prayers.My parents and friends comforted me, help me decide and told me that it is not the only course in college that will make me a successful person. They said that I should work hard and pray hard to resolve my problems. These are the only things(failure) that I feel the absence of God but with these failures, good things happen right away. We can always see the presence of God everywhere. For example, we can see a lot of Holy objects everywhere – ros ary, pictures, etc. We can also see a lot of people going to Church to pray and ask petitions to Him. Also, why do people avoid to commit sin?Maybe because they believe in Heaven and Hell. They also know that they lose the presence of God when they commit a sin. As long as we try very, very hard not to commit sin, deliberate mortal sin, God is on our side and we are in His Presence. God continues to love us, no matter what, but He hates the sin. God is everything. For what I understand, God created all the things here on Earth. As a conclusion, to feel His presence, we should always pray for Him, have faith, avoid sins, follow the ten commandments, and we should love all the things He had created.

Free Essays on Elvis

Elvis’s Influences Elvis has meant many things to many people all over the world. He was gone from Rock’n’Roll to Hollywood Heartthrob, back to Las Vegas megastar. But if you look carefully Elvis was nothing than a mere boy raised in the south that was taught to love his mama and Jesus. These are the basic things that made him a great rock and roll legend. Elvis changed the face of rock and roll forever with his dance moves, sexuality, style of clothes, long hair, and different style of music that was no accepted by all Americans. Also his used of black music and black style made a lasting impression in history (Pratt 377). Elvis introduced many different styles to the music world during the 1950s. The black population influenced many of these. Elvis did t sound fully white, were fore many radio stations we cautious of playing his music due to the â€Å"black-white rigidities of a segregated society† (Pratt 376). He used different types of black music to make his own. He was â€Å"the only artist to have the same record at number one on the pop, country, and rhythm and blues charts† (Schmidt 339). Many black Southerners resented this and all the success that he gained by it because he was using music that had originated by black but was unable to be sold on the market due to the â€Å"segregated commercial world† (Pratt 377). Although some black musicians resent him, some pay tribute to him like B. B. King and James Brown. They believe that through his use of black music it opened up many opportunities for them (Rosenbaum 388). Fusing black music with white country music to make a new kind of music was the thought be his â€Å"best known aspect of his career and his greatest accomplishment† according to Pratt (337). From his gyrating hips to his shaking body, Elvis’s must stunning quality was his sexuality. He was banned form performing and was shunned by mothers and fathers but he was adored by all his young fans that... Free Essays on Elvis Free Essays on Elvis Elvis’s Influences Elvis has meant many things to many people all over the world. He was gone from Rock’n’Roll to Hollywood Heartthrob, back to Las Vegas megastar. But if you look carefully Elvis was nothing than a mere boy raised in the south that was taught to love his mama and Jesus. These are the basic things that made him a great rock and roll legend. Elvis changed the face of rock and roll forever with his dance moves, sexuality, style of clothes, long hair, and different style of music that was no accepted by all Americans. Also his used of black music and black style made a lasting impression in history (Pratt 377). Elvis introduced many different styles to the music world during the 1950s. The black population influenced many of these. Elvis did t sound fully white, were fore many radio stations we cautious of playing his music due to the â€Å"black-white rigidities of a segregated society† (Pratt 376). He used different types of black music to make his own. He was â€Å"the only artist to have the same record at number one on the pop, country, and rhythm and blues charts† (Schmidt 339). Many black Southerners resented this and all the success that he gained by it because he was using music that had originated by black but was unable to be sold on the market due to the â€Å"segregated commercial world† (Pratt 377). Although some black musicians resent him, some pay tribute to him like B. B. King and James Brown. They believe that through his use of black music it opened up many opportunities for them (Rosenbaum 388). Fusing black music with white country music to make a new kind of music was the thought be his â€Å"best known aspect of his career and his greatest accomplishment† according to Pratt (337). From his gyrating hips to his shaking body, Elvis’s must stunning quality was his sexuality. He was banned form performing and was shunned by mothers and fathers but he was adored by all his young fans that...

Financial Plan for Small Business Research Paper

Financial Plan for Small Business - Research Paper Example The financial plan in this case is based on NASDAQ listed 1st Century Bancshares, Inc (Ticker: FCTY). The total market capitalization of the company is $66.44 million as on May 9, 2014 (Yahoo Finance, 2014). The balance sheet is the most important financial statement of any business irrespective of its size or market capitalization. It presents the financial position of the business on a given date. It is divided into three sections namely, assets, liabilities and owners’ equity. Assets and liabilities are further classified on basis of period of maturity. Assets include, cash, accounts receivables, inventory, land & buildings, goodwill, etc. Liabilities include account payables, debt capital, creditors, etc. The positive difference between total assets and total liabilities is the shareholders’ equity (Ramachandran and Kakani, 2009, pp.3-9). The historical balance sheet of business reveals that during the period 2011 to 2013, the company had very strong cash and its equivalents. However, the net cash and cash equivalents declined by 5.7 percent annually to $0.155 million in 2013. The total current assets of the company comprised of net receivables, cash and cash equivalents only. The total assets of the business increased by 15.2 percent historically from 2011 to 2013. In comparison, the current liabilities and total liabilities of the business increased by 15.8 percent historically from 2011 to 2013. The company does not intend to issue debt instruments as it has sufficient cash resources available for attaining its financial objectives. Historically, the shareholders’ equity increased by approximately 10.9 percent at compounded annual growth rate. The historical information about the financial position of the business will assist in determining the probable course of action of the business through projected fin ancial forecasts. The pro-forma balance sheet of the business is presented below: By observing the historical information about the

Autonomy of Financial Institutions Research Paper

Autonomy of Financial Institutions - Research Paper Example While politicians and regulators propose a regulated trade system that would mitigate risks of default of one party, maintaining transparency, and providing consistent prices, the bankers pull in the complete opposite direction. The banks want the market to remain as it is whereby over the counter derivatives (OTC) remain unregulated and with unpublished prices to the public. Banks warn that any ban on the unregulated OTC will upset the current markets and lead to possible lawsuits. However, the European Commission maintains that its proposal for a regulation is meant to protect consumers, and spur competition. Thus, on this issue, bankers and politicians hardly see eye to eye. The U.S, as an answer too to the Great Depression, also passed the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, geared towards more regulations for the financial institutions. However, it lacks the cutting-edge proposal of banning the over the counter derivatives. It should be remembered that these proposals are law in no shortage of critics. While some people, especially bankers, say that it encroached too deeply into the financial institutions’ regulations; others argue that it is hard enough to curtail the possibility of another financial meltdown.  If the banks continue in the direction where there are no published prices for the OTC, no specified quantity and quality on the deliverable, then there is an obvious lack of transparency. This grey region only benefits the  banks. It cushions them from taking the responsibility of the financial losses.  Bankers argue that the small companies which have not attained the exchange listing requirements will be l ocked out of the securities trade if the government bans the OTC. Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) proposal is clear cut- it wants to ban the over the counter derivatives.